• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.25-42
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• 2020

This study aims to examine the difference in the level of housing cost burden and the factors affecting housing cost burden between permanent rental housing and purchased rental housing residents in Seoul. We used the 2017 SH Public Housing Resident Survey and employed t-test and multiple regression analyses. The empirical analysis shows that the level of housing cost burden is greater for permanent rental housing residents than purchased rental housing residents. Also, income level, age, and whether receiving housing benefits are the factors affecting housing cost burden among permanent rental housing residents while income level and housing size are the factors affecting housing cost burden among purchased rental housing residents. The findings suggest that there should be a more systematic review regarding housing affordability among those living in different types of public housing toward housing welfare. In addition, there should be differential approach to enhance housing affordability between permanent and purchased rental housing residents.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.132-141
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• 2012

This current survey was conducted to examine consumer attitudes toward factors determining beef purchasing and improving distribution systems. The frequency of beef purchasing was shown to reflect social and economic status, where inhabitants in large cities, such as Seoul, with higher salaries showed a higher frequency. In addition, consumers that were in their forties bought beef more frequently than consumers that were in their twenties. Consumers in Seoul and the megalopolis with a monthly income of higher than 200 million won preferred to purchase meat from department stores and discount markets. In contrast, people in small cities with lower incomes tended to buy meat from butcher shops and brand shops. In a question regarding unsatisfaction factors of retail beef, individuals that were in their thirties with a high income had concerns associated with packaging problems. For people under thirty with low income, the consistency of quality and price were the prime concerns. In regards to the beef grading system, consumer response varied between inhabitants, monthly income and age group, where consumers from small cities that were in their twenties and forties with a low income had a negative viewpoint. For the differential beef distribution system, housewives between the ages of 30 and 40 from a small city with an income higher than 200 million won had a positive response; however, a large number of consumers were not familiar with this system. The most demanding beef cuts were in the following order: loin, flank and rib. In addition, the most important factors determining purchasing beef were as follows: price, breed and portion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.23-35
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• 2007

Nowadays, as a result of increasing income and spare time, the social demands for better living environment become more increasing. Above all, landscape improvement, the essential part of physical environment, will be a more important subject in urban planning. In these circumstances, classification of urban scenic quality is required for urban landscape development programs. The major purpose of this study is to suggest a technical method of designing urban scenic quality map for urban district area based on the scenery management system of the USDA forest service and literature studies. As a conclusion of this study, four steps are desirable for the technical method for designing a scenic quality map of urban districts areas : 1) Define a landscape unit on the map, 2) Take a photograph of these landscape unit on site, 3) Evaluate the landscape unit by semantic differential scale with landscape adjectives, and 4) Draw the scenic quality map, investigate the landscape characteristics and suggest the landscape scenic development plans.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.21-37
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to investigate factors that explain the degree of need for community welfare services designed for the residents of Wonju City. For this purpose, we identify five categories of community welfare services : employment no income supporting programs, residence supporting programs, public health programs, family programs and welfare facilities for enhancing quality of life. The data come from 234 adults living in Wonju city, Major findings can be summarized as follows. Firstly, we find that participants are well aware of needs for community welfare service, and that the degree of need for public health services is the highest among the five types of welfare programs. Secondly, we find differential effects of the individual factors such as predisposing, enabling, and need, and the community factors such as quality of environmental facilities which make daily lives convenient, and residential region. Particularly, environmental facilities appear to have a strong association with high needs for the majority of welfare services. Finally, differences between urban and rural areas are still observed. These results suggest that the responsibility of Wonju city for providing diverse and adequate welfare services should be emphasized. Priorities for welfare policies based on the empirical data are also taken into consideration in the process of developing community welfare policies.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.179-188
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• 2017

Objectives : This study tried to examine whether there is any difference between the middle-aged men and women in terms of the effect of health-related and oral health-related characteristics on their depressive symptoms (PHQ-9). Methods : We used the 2nd year data of the 6th session of the National Health and Nutrition Survey of 2,008 adults(aged40~64 years) for fulfilling the research objectives. Results : The analysis showed that among middle-aged male and female respondents, household income, subjective health conditions, and stress perception among health-related characteristics had common elements affecting their depressive symptoms. The self-reported oral health conditions affected depressive symptoms for male respondents. On the other hand, chewing problems and contraction of periodontal disease affected depressive symptoms of female respondents. Conclusions : Thus, it is necessary to consider the effect of sex in the relationship between health-related and oral health-related characteristics, and to make efforts to develop differential programs to manage and prevent depressive symptoms among men and women.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.46
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• pp.178-209
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• 2001

This paper aims to provide a critical assesment of Conservatives's and new Labour's social assistance reforms in the U.K. and their differential impacts on low income groups. During the period of 18 years in power, the Conservative governments enforced benefit recipients being capable of work to be out of benefits and to get into work. They employed not only 'carrots' to encourage beneficiaries being capable of work to have full-time work, but also 'sticks' to discourage them to depend on benefits. The reforms under the Conservative governments were closer to the workfare model. The new Labour government has continued to emphasize work regarding social security reform. It has raised 'from welfare to work' as the main reform objective. However, it has not necessarily focused on 'carrots and sticks' in order to get beneficiaries into work. Instead, the new Labour government has put its priority regarding social assistance reform on human capital development in order to develop the capability of beneficiaries for work. Britain under the new Labour government seems to be moving from workfare to activation model. These differentials between the Conservative governments and the new Labour government regarding social assistance reforms bring about the different policy outcomes. Under the Conservative government, social assistance programmes were prone to strengthen the state's control over benefit recipients and to increase stigma to them. Punitive, demeaning, stigmatising programmes of work and unending job search activities harm the bases of self-respect. On the contrary, the activation programmes under the new Labour government has contributed positively to both socially significant participation and autonomy of beneficiaries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.377-387
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to use cluster analysis to determine differences in eating-out behavior among grouped clusters of female consumers after each cluster was divided based on lifestyle patterns. The data were collected by interview survey from a biased sample of 1,300 females, ranging from ages 20 to 59, and living in residential districts of Seoul. Reliability analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis, cross-tabulation analysis, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied to the data. Four lifestyle factors were extracted by lower-division and classified as follows: health condition, consuming, food, and housing lifestyles. Based on these four factors, the female consumers were grouped as three clusters: the consuming-individuality type, rational-pursuit type, and conservative-stability type. The eating-out behavior of each cluster was significantly different in terms of frequency of eating-out, eating-out expenditures, restaurant selection criteria, food preferences, and the purpose for eating-out. Since this study surveyed females from ages 20 to 59, age and demographics were the differential factors in determining the various lifestyle types. Thus, to target the consumers who form a target market, the food industry should consider market segmentation that combines demographic factors such as age, income, and marital status.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.236-243
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• 2010

We examine the change in healthcare utilization pattern of cancer patients since the launch of KTX in 2004. It is found that during the year of 2004 and 2005 the rapid increase in the ratio of cancer patients' healthcare utilizations for the tertiary hospitals in Seoul to the total healthcare utilizations has accompanied the rapid decrease in the corresponding ratio for the tertiary hospitals in the local metropolitan areas under the influence of KTX while the corresponding ratio for the tertiary hospitals in the local cities with little influence of KTX on them has exhibited mild change. Since healthcare consumers' choice of hospitals can be characterized by "foot voting" action in the healthcare service market in Korea, such a phenomenon may have strong implication that the introduction of KTX may have affected substantially the inter-area healthcare utilization pattern by cancer patients by reducing various sorts of long-distance travel costs. Therefore, considering the potential contribution of KTX to the increase of cancer patients' accessibility to hospitals with higher qualities, support policies such as fare discount for low-income cancer patients in local areas may need to be taken into consideration where the well-designed fare discount program for low-income cancer patients may increase utilizations of KTX by lowincome cancer patients without incurring additional costs to running of KTX.

• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.79-98
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• 2002

This study examines the association between valuation and accrual information. According to accounting based valuation model, firm's value consists of net book value and abnormal earnings. Net book value and abnormal earnings are determined as the manager's accounting policy. Discretionary accruals may signal the manager's value expectation or be noisy factor of accounting variables. The results of this study are as follows; First discretionary accruals are associated to stock prices negatively but non-discretionary accruals are not to stock prices. This result suggests that discretionary accruals and non-discretionary accruals are the differential factors of the firm value. Second, the product term of discretionary accrual and net book value are associated to the stock price negatively but the product term of non-discretionary accrual and net book value are not associated to the stock price. the results indicate that discretionary accruals are noisy factors of net book value information. Third, the product term of discretionary accrual and net income are associated to the stock price negatively and the product tenn of non-discretionary accrual and net income are also associated to the stock price negatively, the results suggest that discretionary accruals are noisy factors of earnings.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.61-86
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• 2002

The number of people who perform their banking business on Internet has been increasing drastically during the recent period and the trend still continues. Banks and other types of financial institutions are now competing intensely with each other in attracting customers to this new innovative banking service. The marketers in charge of formulating and implementing the strategies for this new banking business need to understand the behavioral factors as well as the technical factors in order to succeed in attracting more customers to this new service. products. A deep understanding as to why and how the customers are adopting the new service developed on information technology is a prerequisite for a successful marketing effort. The purpose of this dissertation is to find out what factors are playing important roles in the customers'decision related to the adoption of the Internet banking services. The focus of the research is threefold. First. by testing the hypotheses proposed by the Technology Adoption Model, a well-known theory in the IT-related behavioral science, an analysis was made as to which factors are more important in affecting the attitudes and adoption of the Internet banking on the part of customers. Secondly, an analysis was made as to whether the three criteria of the Technographics- -the attitude toward new technology, level of income, and the motivational factor- -are useful as the criteria for segmenting the Korean users of the online banking. Thirdly, an analysis was made as to whether each customer group segmented by the criteria of the Technographics reveal a differential decision process and thus requires a differential approach strategywise.