• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.269-274
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• 2004

To enhance the solubility and stability of lansoprazole (LAN), new proton pump inhibitor, we were prepared various molar ratio of inclusion complex with $2-hydroxypropyl-{\beta}-cyclodextrin$ (HPCD) and organic alkali agent, meglumine (MEG). Inclusion complex formation of LAN with HPCD was investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and X-ray diffractometry. The aqueous solubilities of inclusion complexes, and the stabilities of 1:4 and 1:5 inclusion complexes in aqueous solutions containing different concentrations of MEG were examined. The stability of 1:5 LAN-HPCD inclusion complex containing MEG, which was equaled to amount of LAN, was performed in 0.9% NaCl and 5% dextrose solution. The formation of inclusion complex of LAN with HPCD was $A_L$ type and the molar ratio of complex was 1:1. The stability constant was $41.557\;M^{-1}$. As molar ratio of LAN to HPCD was increased, solubility of inclusion complex was increased. 1:5 LAN-HPCD inclusion complex was more stable than 1:4 LAN-HPCD inclusion complex. And as contained MEG amount in LAN solution was increased, stability of 1:4 and 1:5 LAN-HPCD inclusion complexes was improved. Also stability of 1:5 LAN-HPCD-MEG inclusion complex in 0.9% NaCl solution and 5% dextrose solution was similar to it in water at room temperature, but it was unstable at $40^{\circ}C$.

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.72-84
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• 1998

In order ot study the influence of a circular inclusion on a stress field near a crack tip, mutual interference of a slant crack and the circular inclusion is analyzed of a bimaterial inclusion. As the crack emanates at the equivalent slant crack angle the correction factors FⅠ and FⅡ for the inclusion wit small Young's modulus were found to decrease as the inclusion radius increased. The correction factors for inclusion with large Young's modulus increase as the inclusion radius increases at the equivalent radius of the inclusion, the correction factors decrease as the slant crack angle increases for the aspect ratio $\frac{c}{W}$ = 0.1 irrespective of the Young's modulus. For $\frac{c}{W}$ greater than 0.2, they increase as the slant crack angle increases. There is no influence of stress mutual interfce after crack emanates beyond the inclusion radius.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권8호
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• pp.421-431
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• 2021

This study investigates the empirical linkages between ASEAN countries' institutional quality and financial inclusion using country data from 2008-2019. In this paper, six governance indicators from the World Governance index are used to measure the impact of institutions on financial inclusion. The PCA method's financial inclusion index is constructed from 3 indicators: penetration, access, and usage: penetration, access, and usage with six indices respectively as the number of ATMs per 1000 km², the number of bank branches per 1000 km², the number of ATMs per 100,000 people and the number of bank branches for 100,000 adults, the ratio of credit to private to GDP, and the ratio of deposit to private to GDP. Regression analysis with the Generalized Moments method shows the positive impact of institutions and other control variables like GDP per capita, inflation, bank concentration, and human development index on financial inclusion. Therefore, this study recommends that the government and policymakers in countries pursue the financial inclusion agenda to pay attention to the financial and economic indicators and institutional factors. This is because many savers, borrowers, and investors may not be protected when financial contracts are enforced or breaches occur in an environment where economic, legal, judicial, and political institutions are weak, such as in ASEAN countries.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.265-269
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• 1997

An inclusion complex of muscone with ${\beta}-cyclodextrin$ (CD), as a solid form of muscone, was prepared to increase the solubility of muscone. The molar ratio of muscone to ${\beta}-CD$ in complex was in the range of $1:1{\sim}1:5$ when prepared by freeze-drying method. The interaction of muscone with ${\beta}-CD$ in solid state was investigated by Infrared (IR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). IR and DSC studies between $muscone-{\beta}-CD$ inclusion complex and physical mixture showed that $muscone-{\beta}-CD$ inclusion complex was prepared stably. From the amount of muscone incorporated in the inclusion complex, it was found that the molar ratio of muscone : ${\beta}-CD$ was 1:1. Relative spatial position of muscone and ${\beta}-CD$ was observed by Hyperchem molecular modelling program.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 1985

The inclusion of ${\alpha}-cyclodextrin$ and ${\beta}-cyclodextrin$ with flurbiprofen in aqueous phase was investigated by UV absorption and circular dichroism spectroscopies. The inclusion complex in solid powder form were made by the freeze-drying and coprecipitation methods in molar ratio 1:1. The inclusion complex formation was confirmed by infrared absorption spectroscopy. The freeze-drying method was successful in obtaining the inclusion compounds compared with the coprecipitation method. The dissolution of solid flurbiprofen inclusion complex was examined in comparison with those of flurbiprofen alone. The inclusion complex obtained by freeze-drying method increased the dissolution rate.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.149-158
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• 1995

각종 CD와 여러 종류의 화합물, pH indicator, biostain, 아미노산, 천연배당체, 그리고 fatty acid 간의 inclusion complex 형성능을 비교하였다. Fatty acid가 각종 CD에 대한 포접형성능과 선택성 이 높아 CD 분리용 ligand로 적합함을 알았다. Fatty acid의 포접능과 선택성은 탄소쇄의 길이와 밀접한 상관관계를 나타내어 capric acid는 ${\alpha}$- CD와 palmitic acid는 ${\beta}$-CD와 높은 선택성을 보였다. Complex형성에 미치는 반융조건인 흔합 농도비, pH, ionic strength, 그리고 온도의 영향을 검토하였다. 적정 혼합 농도비는 CD가 50mM 그리고 lig and 인 fatty acid가 50mM 일 때 였으며 , 온도가 중 요한 형성조건으로 작용하였다. 포접되지 않은 CD 와 fatty acid가 포접 된 CD의 분자구조를 X-ray diffraction과 IR spectrum을 사용하여 비교 검토하였으며, DSC로 inclusion complex 형성반응의 en­t thalpy의 변화값(${\gamma}H$)을 측정하여 발열반응임을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 1987

To increase the bioavailability of norfloxacin, inclusion complex of antimicrobial agent norfloxacin with ${\beta}-Cyclodextrin$ was prepared and studied by the solubility method, spectrophotometric methods(UV, IR, $^1H-NMR$), differential thermal analysis, powder X-ray diffractometry, the physical properties, the antimicrobial activity, DNA binding and in situ recirculation technique. The conclusions are summerized as following; 1) The inclusion complexation was identified by means of solubility, spectrophotometry(UV, IR, NMR), DTA and X-ray diffraction. 2) The molar ratio of $norfloxacin-{\beta}-cyclodextrin$ complex was 1 : 1. 3) The stability constant of $norfloxacin-{\beta}-cyclodextrin$ complex was $21.5\;M^{-1}$, and both true and apparent partition coefficients of the inclusion complex were larger than those of norfloxacin. 4) The time required to dissolve 60% $(T_{60}%)$ of the inclusion complex was 120 min. in distilled water and in the artificial intestinal juice, while norfloxacin did not reach to 60% dissolution within 120 min. 5) The antimicrobial activity of the inclusion complex against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus showed no significant difference compared to that of norfloxacin alone. 6) Studies on binding properties between the inclusion complex and norfloxacin alone to DNA according to equilibrium dialysis showed no significant differency. 7) In situ absorption rates (Ka) of inclusion complex and norfloxacin alone were 0.229 and $0.102hr^{-1}$, respectively.

• 폴리머
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.261-267
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• 2015

The inclusion complexes (ICs) between polylactic acid (PLA) and ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin (CD) were prepared by co-precipitation method in this work. The orthogonal experiments were designed to investigate the influence of different factors on the formation of inclusion complexes. The results suggested that the optimum scheme of inclusion compounds could be obtained when the feeding ratio of CD to PLA (wt%) was 20:1, stirring speed was 6 kr/min and the stirring time was 30 min. The structures and properties of the inclusion complexes were characterized by $^1H$ NMR, FTIR, DSC, FT-Raman, XRD and TGA. The DSC results demonstrated that the crystallization behavior of the inclusion complexes nearly disappeared. It was found that ${\beta}$-CD-PLA inclusion complex had a better thermal stability compared with the neat PLA. The model of the inclusion complexes was proposed on the basis of XRD, $^1H$ NMR and DSC results.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.257-266
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• 1998

To improve the solubility and dissolution rate of acyclovir (ACV), which is low oral bioavailability due to its properties of slight solubility in water and incomplete gastrointestinal absorption, the solid inclusion complexes of ACV with ${\alpha}CD$, ${\beta}CD$, $DM{\beta}CD$ in molar ratio of 1:1 were prepared by the freeze-drying method. The inclusion complexes were investigated by solubility study, UV, IR and DSC. The dissolution rate of ACV was significantly increased by ACV-CDs inclusion complex formation in artificial intestinal fluid at pH 6.8. The enhanced dissolution rate of ACV could be due to an increase of solubility and the formation of an amorphous structures through inclusion complexation with CDs. Especially, $ACV-DM{\beta}CD$ inclusion complex enhanced the maximum plasma concentration levels and AUC following oral administration compared to those of ACV alone. The present results suggest that $ACV-DM{\beta}CD$ inclusion complex serves as a potential carrier for improving the solubility, the dissolution rate and the bioavailability of ACV.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.136-143
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• 1984

Inclusion complex formation of fenbufen with ${\beta}-cyclodextrin$ in water and in solid state was comfirmed by solubility method, ultra violet absorption, circular dichroism and infra-red spectroscopies, differential thermal analysis, and X-ray diffractometry. A solid complex of fenbufen with ${\beta}-cyclodextrin$ in 1 : 1 molar ratio was prepared by the freeze-drying method, its dissolution characteristics in water and its analgesic and antiinflammatory effect in mouse or rat were examined. The apparent release of fenbufen from the inclusion complex was significantly improved, hut no significant difference in its analgesic and antiinflammatory effect was found.