• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.560.2-560
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• 2001

Dental caries is a chronic disease that causes the destruction of tooth structure by the interaction of plaque bacteria, food debris, and saliva. There has been attempts to induce remineralization by supersaturating the intra-oral environment around the surface enamel, where there is incipient caries. In this study, supersaturated remineralized solution was applied to specimens with incipient enamel caries, and the quantitative analysis of remineralization was evaluated using microradiography.(omitted)

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.175-182
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• 2002

Dental caries is a chronic disease that causes the destruction of tooth structure by the interaction of plaque bacteria, food debris, and saliva. There has been attempts to induce remineralization by supersaturating the Intra-oral environment around the surface enamel, where there is incipient caries. In this study, supersaturated remineralized solution "R" was applied to specimens with incipient enamel caries, and the quantitative analysis of remineralization was evaluated using microradiography. Thirty subjects volunteered to participate in this study. Removable appliances were constructed for the subjects, and the enamel specimen with incipient caries were embedded in the appliances. The subjects wore the intra-oral appliance for 15 days except while eating and sleeping. The removable appliance were soaked in supersaturated solution "R", saline, or Senstime$^{\circledR}$ to expose the specimen to those solutions three times a day, 5 minutes each time. After 15 days, microradiography was retaken to compare and evaluate remineralization The results were as the following: 1. The ratio of remineralized area to demineralized area was significantly higher in the supersaturated solution "R" and Senstime$^{\circledR}$ than in the saline (p<0.05) 2. Remineralization in the supersaturated buffer solution "R" occurred in the significantly deeper parts of the tooth. compared to the Senstime$^{\circledR}$ group containing high concentration or fluoride. (p<0.05) As in the above results, the remineralization effect of remineralized buffer solution "R" on incipient enamel caries has been proven. For clinical utilization, further studies on soft tissue reaction and the effect on dentin and cementum are necessary In conclusion compared to commercially available fluoride solution. remineralization solution“R”showed better remineralization effect on early enamel caries lesion, so it is considered as effecient solution for clinical application.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.817-826
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• 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of bamboo salts on remineralization effects on subsurface of artificial carious enamel. Methods: Incipient carious enamel was formed in permanent bovine incisors and then specimens were divided into three groups randomly: 3% bamboo salt (BS), 2% (NaF) and the solution of mixed 3% BS and 2% NaF. For remineralization, specimens of each of the three groups were treated for 24 hrs at $37^{\circ}C$ incubator. After treatment, specimens were analyzed using SEM and VHN. Statistical analysis used was one-way ANOVA. Results: In SEM observation, the BS group showed narrower distances between enamel rods than the cases of incipient subsurface caries enamel. The NaF and BS+NaF groups showed that the enamel rods near the surface were destructed, and innumerable round small particles were deposited near the surface of enamel. The BS+NaF group showed more minerals attachment between enamel rods than the cases of other groups. The differences in subsurface microhardness (${\Delta}VHN$) increased all of three groups in total by $80{\mu}m$. The ${\Delta}VHN$ of the BS+NaF group increased significantly more than NaF and BS groups in depth of $50{\mu}m$, $80{\mu}m$. Conclusions: The 3% bamboo salt with 2% NaF solution was found to increase subsurface hardness of incipient caries enamel. Thus, bamboo salt will be used to contribute to prevention on dental caries.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.107-115
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to demonstrate the presence of dental caries through a photoacoustic imaging system with visible and near-infrared wavelengths, highlighting the differences between the 2 spectral regions. The depth at which carious tissue could be detected was also verified. Materials and Methods: Fifteen permanent molars were selected and classified as being sound or having incipient or advanced caries by visual inspection, radiography, and optical coherence tomography analysis prior to photoacoustic scanning. A photoacoustic imaging system operating with a nanosecond pulsed laser as the light excitation source at either 532 nm or 1064 nm and an acoustic transducer at 5 MHz was developed, characterized, and used. En-face and lateral(depth) photoacoustic signals were detected. Results: The results confirmed the potential of the photoacoustic method to detect caries. At both wavelengths, photoacoustic imaging effectively detected incipient and advanced caries. The reconstructed photoacoustic images confirmed that a higher intensity of the photoacoustic signal could be observed in regions with lesions, while sound surfaces showed much less photoacoustic signal. Photoacoustic signals at depths up to 4 mm at both 532 nm and 1064 nm were measured. Conclusion: The results presented here are promising and corroborate that photoacoustic imaging can be applied as a diagnostic tool in caries research. New studies should focus on developing a clinical model of photoacoustic imaging applications in dentistry, including soft tissues. The use of inexpensive light-emitting diodes together with a miniaturized detector will make photoacoustic imaging systems more flexible, user-friendly, and technologically viable.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.109-118
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• 1999

The aim of this study was to evaluate the optical density of laser fluorescence for detection of incipient caries. Prepared and polished bovine enamel specimens were demineralized in a STPP solution for varying periods of time between 3 hrs. and 60 hrs. with an area of sound enamel retained on each specimen. The randomized specimens were analyzed for optical density of enamel demineralization using laser fluorescence. The specimens were sectioned and examined lesion depth by polarizing light microscope. Results were analyzed statistically with SAS program. The results from this study can be summarized as follows: 1. Optical density measured by laser fluorescence and lesion depth measured by polarizing light microscope was increased as demineralization time was increased(p<0.001). 2. Between optical density measured by laser fluorescence and lesion depth measured by polarizing light microscope was correlated highly(${\gamma}{\geq}0.74956$, p<0.001). 3. Regressive equation was obtained in this study as follows. Y=[X-0.260851]/0.000271(R-square:0.5618, p<0.001) (X:DENSITY, Y:DEPTH) In summary, optical density measured by laser fluorescence would be within the range of possibility to quantitatively presume demineralization amount of incipient caries lesion

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.159-166
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• 2008

The dental caries can be recovered or worse depending on the velocity of de- and remineralization of tooth. It is possible to remineralize the lesions by fluoride agent, but the results can be distinguished according to one's salivary flow rate, quantity of ion contents, and pH of the saliva. This article presents good results after applying the CPP-ACP paste for the patients who have incipient enamel caries. We instructed the patients to apply the paste everyday in the customed tray. We observed the white spot lesions without getting worse and reducing the size of lesions. After applying the CPP-ACP paste for 6 weeks, we concluded that; 1. It was possible to remineralize the incipient caries without preparation of the teeth. 2. CPP-ACP paste was successful for recovery of the demineralized lesions, especially for mild and moderate caries lesions, not for the severe developemental defects or chronic lesions. 3. CPP-ACP paste was efficient for pediatric patients, and the custumed tray was very useful for patients to apply the paste. 4. The ability of the patients for caring their oral hygiene was improved by routine check up and instructions.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.310-316
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• 2012

A new method for early caries diagnosis was proposed and tested through a home-made optical examination system that used quantitative light fluorescence (QLF) and digital imaging fiber optic transillumination (FOTI) (DIFOTI), with light sources across a wide spectral range, from 350 nm to 1,000 nm. The front-illuminated infrared light scattering image (FIR) showed similar diagnostic abilities to that of DIFOTI. The FIR method was invented based on the observation that caries lesions lose the high transmittance and low scattering properties of benign enamel tissue. There are various methods for the early diagnosis of caries, such as visual examination, exploration, X-ray radiography, QLF, FOTI, and infrared fluorescence (diagnodent). Among them, methods based on optical properties are regarded as having the most potential. A comparative study was performed between the FOTI, QLF, diagnodent, optical coherence tomography, and FIR scattering image methods, using 20 extracted teeth samples with early caries. A scale of lesion measurement based on optical image contrast was proposed. The statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between the DIFOTI and FIR methods (r = 0.35, p < 0.05). However, the QLF and diagnodent methods showed little association with FIR images, as they have different detection principles as compared with FIR. Tomographic images obtained by OCT, using 1,330 nm super luminescent LED as a gold standard of tooth structure, verified that the FOTI and FIR results correctly represented the lack of homogeneity in dental tissue. The newly proposed FIR method attained similar diagnostic results to those of FOTI, but with an easier approach.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2003

Purpose : The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the diagnostic ability of a CCD-based digital system (CDX-2000HQ) in the detection of incipient dental caries. Materials and Methods : 93 extracted human teeth with sound proximal surfaces and interproximal artificial cavities were radiographed using 4 imaging methods. Automatically processed No.2 Insight film (Eastman Kodak Co., U.S.A.) was used for conventional radiography, scanned images of conventional radiograms for indirect digital radiography were used. For the direct digital radiography, the CDX-2000HQ CCD system (Biomedisys Co. Korea) was used. The subtraction images were made from two direct digital images by Sunny program in the CDX-2000HQ system. Two radiologists and three endodontists examined the presence of lesions using a five-point confidence scale and compared the diagnostic ability by ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) analysis and one way ANOV A test. Results: The mean ROC areas of conventional radiography, indirect digital radiography, direct digital radiography, and digital subtraction radiography were 0.9093, 0.9102, 0.9184, and 0.9056, respectively. The diagnostic ability of direct digital radiography was better than the other imaging modalities, but there were no statistical differences among these imaging modalities (p > 0.05). Coclusion : These results indicate that new CCD-based digital systems (CDX-2000HQ) have the potential to serve as an alternative to conventional radiography in the detection of incipient dental caries.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.49 no.8
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• pp.443-450
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• 2011

The leading paradigm of dentistry had been focused on the rehabilitation treatment that identifies active caries, manages them surgically, and restores their original functions. However, changes in the external environment including the current disease prevalence require dentistry to have a paradigm shift. The new paradigm suggests the detection of caries in their earlier stages over the visual diagnosis of cavities, and the reversal of the incipient caries by non-surgical approach. For this to be achieved, a high-technology detection device recognizing changes in the earlier stages which can not he visually observed is needed. Development of early caries detection device has recently become a major issue in preventive dentistry on account of this need, and QLF(Quantitified Light induced Fluorescence) conspicuously stands out among the newly released devices. In this study, the fundamental concept of QLF(Quantitified Light induced Fluorescence) and the possible clinical applications of the earlier intraoral camera model as well as the recently designed digital camera model will be discussed.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.335-343
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• 2012

Objectives : The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the remineralization effect of Bamboo salt and NaF+Bamboo salt solutions on bovine enamel formed incipient artificial enamel caries by microcomputed tomography (micro CT). Methods : Experimental solutions were distilled water(negative control), 2% sodium fluoride solution (2% NaF group), 3% bamboo salt solution (3% BS group) and the solution mixed 2% sodium fluoride solution and 3% bamboo salt solution (2% NaF+3% BS group). Specimens were prepared from extracted bovine teeth and divided into 4 groups of 10 specimens each by randomized blocks according to density. Then the specimens surface were divided equally into three parts to observe sound enamel area, incipient enamel carious area and remineralized enamel area. Only one-third of specimen surface was coated with nail varnish and these were exposed to a lactate carbopol buffer system for 72 hours. Then one-half of the demineralized enamel area was coated with nail varnish. The specimens were carried out under pH cycling model for 14 days as follows; samples were immersed in each experimental solution for 2 mins 3 times per day, demineralized for 4 hours and in mixed saliva for the remaining hours. After pH cycling, density was measured using micro CT. Results : All experimental groups showed remineralization effects except for negative control group(p<0.05). The differences of density after experimental solution treatment were statistically significant difference among 4 groups (p<0.01). The density difference values of groups were $0.04{\pm}0.01$ in negative control group, $0.19{\pm}0.01$ in 2% NaF group, $0.14{\pm}0.01$ in 3% BS group, and $0.21{\pm}0.01$ in 2% NaF+3% BS group. Conclusions : The bamboo salt solution showed remineralization effects on incipient artificial enamel caries and the solution mixed sodium fluoride solution and bamboo salt solution showed more remineralization effects than the bamboo salt solution. Thus, it is suggested that bamboo salt can be used as remineralization agent in incipient enamel caries lesion.