Acknowledgement
This study was supported by FACEPE/CNPQ and INCT-INFO (465.763/2014-6).
References
- Cury JA, Tenuta LM. Enamel remineralization: controlling the caries disease or treating early caries lesions? Braz Oral Res 2009; 23 Suppl 1: 23-30. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242009000500005
- Amaechi BT. Emerging technologies for diagnosis of dental caries: the road so far. J Appl Phys 2009; 105: 102047. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3116632
- Melo M, Pascual A, Camps I, Del Campo A, Ata-Ali J. Caries diagnosis using light fluorescence devices in comparison with traditional visual and tactile evaluation: a prospective study in 152 patients. Odontology 2017; 105: 283-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-016-0272-3
- da Silva Neto JM, dos Santos RL, Sampaio MC, Sampaio FC, Passos IA. Radiographic diagnosis of incipient proximal caries: an ex-vivo study. Braz Dent J 2008; 19: 97-102. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-64402008000200002
- Pitts NB, Zero DT, Marsh PD, Ekstrand K, Weintraub JA, RamosGomez F, et al. Dental caries. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2017; 3: 17030. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.30
- Abogazalah N, Eckert GJ, Ando M. In vitro visual and visible light transillumination methods for detection of natural non-cavitated approximal caries. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 23: 1287-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-018-2546-3
- Melo M, Pascual A, Camps I, Ata-Ali F, Ata-Ali J. Combined near-infrarred light transillumination and direct digital radiography increases diagnostic in approximal caries. Sci Rep 2019; 9: 14224. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50850-5
- Jung EH, Lee ES, Jung HI, Kang SM, de Josselin de Jong E, Kim BI. Development of a fluorescence-image scoring system for assessing noncavitated occlusal caries. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 21: 36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.10.027
- Felix Gomez G, Eckert GJ, Ferreira Zandona A. Orange/red fluorescence of active caries by retrospective quantitative light-induced fluorescence image analysis. Caries Res 2016; 50: 295-302. https://doi.org/10.1159/000441899
- Fried D, Staninec M, Darling CL, Chan KH, Pelzner RB. Clinical monitoring of early caries lesions using cross polarization optical coherence tomography. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 2013; 8566: 856604.
- Freitas AZ, Zezell DM, Vieira ND Jr, Ribeiro AC, Gomes AS. Imaging carious human dental tissue with optical coherence tomography. J Appl Phys 2006; 99: 024906. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2160716
- Maia AM, de Freitas AZ, de L Campello S, Gomes AS, Karlsson L. Evaluation of dental enamel caries assessment using quantitative light induced fluorescence and optical coherence tomography. J Biophotonics 2016; 9: 596-602. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201500111
- Cheng R, Shao J, Gao X, Tao C, Ge J, Liu X. Noninvasive assessment of early dental lesion using a dual-contrast photoacoustic tomography. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 21798. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep21798
- Bell AG. Selenium and the photophone. Nature 1880; 22: 500-3. https://doi.org/10.1038/022500a0
- Bell AG. The production of sound by radiant energy. Science 1881; 2: 242-53. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.os-2.49.242
- Tyndall J. Action of an intermittent beam of radiant heat upon gaseous matter. Science 1881; 2: 110-4. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.os-2.38.110-a
- Rontgen WC. On tones produced by the intermittent irradiation of a gas. London Edinburgh Dublin Philos Mag J Sci 1881; 11: 308-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786448108627021
- Hordvik A, Schlossberg H. Photoacoustic technique for determining optical absorption coefficients in solids. Appl Opt 1977; 16: 101-7. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.16.000101
- Tam AC. Applications of photoacoustic sensing techniques. Rev Mod Phys 1986; 58: 381-431. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.58.381
- Xia J, Yao J, Wang LV. Photoacoustic tomography: principles and advances. Electromagn Waves(Camb) 2014; 147: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.2528/PIER14032303
- Li T, Dewhurst RJ. Photoacoustic imaging in both soft and hard biological tissue. J Phys Conf Ser 2010; 214: 012028. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/214/1/012028
- Li L, Lin L, Wang LV. Multiscale photoacoustic tomography. Opt Photonics News 2018; 29: 32-9.
- Fu Q, Zhu R, Song J, Yang H, Chen X. Photoacoustic imaging: contrast agents and their biomedical applications. Adv Mater 2019; 31: e1805875.
- Kim K, Witte R, Koh I, Ashkenazi S, O'Donnell M. Early detection of dental caries using photoacoustics. In: Oraevsky AA, Wang, LV, editors. Photons plus ultrasound: imaging and sensing 2006: Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Biomedical Thermoacoustics, Optoacoustics, and Acousto-optics; 2006 Jan 22-26; San Jose, CA, USA. Bellingham: SPIE; 2006. 60860G.
- Rao B, Cai X, Favazza C, Yao J, Li L, Duong S, et al. Photoacoustic microscopy of human teeth. In: Rechmann P, Fried D, editors. Lasers in dentistry XVII: Proceedings of SPIE 7884; 2011 Jan 23; San Francisco, CA, USA. Bellingham: SPIE; 2011. 78840U
- Koyama T, Kakino S, Matsuura Y. A feasibility study of photoacoustic detection of hidden dental caries using a fiber-based imaging system. Appl Sci 2018; 8: 621. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8040621
- Hughes DA, Sampathkumar A, Longbottom C, Kirk KJ. Imaging and detection of early stage dental caries with an all-optical photoacoustic microscope. J Phys Conf Ser 2015; 581: 012002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/581/1/012002
- Lin CY, Chen F, Hariri A, Chen CJ, Wilder-Smith P, Takesh T, et al. Photoacoustic imaging for noninvasive periodontal probing depth measurements. J Dent Res 2018; 97: 23-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034517729820
- Moore C, Bai Y, Hariri A, Sanchez JB, Lin CY, Koka S, et al. Photoacoustic imaging for monitoring periodontal health: a first human study. Photoacoustics 2018; 12: 67-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacs.2018.10.005
- Lee D, Park S, Kim C. Dual-modal photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging of dental implants. In: Oraevsky AA, Wang LV, editors. Photons Plus Ultrasound: Imaging and Sensing 2018: Proceedings of SPIE 10494; 2018 Jan 28-Feb 1; San Francisco, CA, USA. Bellingham: SPIE; 2018. 104940B.
- Yamada A, Kakino S, Matsuura Y. Detection of photoacoustic signals from blood in dental pulp. Opt Photonics J 2016; 6: 229-36. https://doi.org/10.4236/opj.2016.69024
- Ekstrand KR, Gimenez T, Ferreira FR, Mendes FM, Braga MM. The International Caries Detection and Assessment System - ICDAS: a systematic review. Caries Res 2018; 5: 406-19.
- Huang D, Swanson EA, Lin CP, Schuman JS, Stinson WG, Chang W, et al. Optical coherence tomography. Science 1991; 254: 1178-81. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1957169
- Fujimoto JG. Optical coherence tomography for ultrahigh resolu-tion in vivo imaging. Nat Biotechnol 2003; 21: 1361-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt892
- Laser Institute of America [Internet]. Orlando: ANSI Z136 Standards[cited 2020 Sep 15]. Available from: https://www.lia.org/resources/laser-safety-information/laser-safety-standards/ansi-z136-standards.
- Hsieh YS, Ho YC, Lee SY, Chuang CC, Tsai JC, Lin KF, et al. Dental optical coherence tomography. Sensors (Basel) 2013; 13: 8928-49. https://doi.org/10.3390/s130708928
- Yu L, Sun J, Lv X, Feng Q, He H, Zhang B, et al. High-contrast photoacoustic imaging through scattering media using correlation detection of adaptive time window. Sci Rep 2019; 9: 17262. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53990-w
- Beard P. Biomedical photoacoustic imaging. Interface Focus 2011; 1: 602-31. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2011.0028
- Zhu Y, Xu G, Yuan J, Jo J, Gandikota G, Demirci H, et al. Light emitting diodes based photoacoustic imaging and potential clinical applications. Sci Rep 2018; 8: 9885. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28131-4
- Colchester RJ, Zhang EZ, Mosse CA, Beard PC, Papakonstantinou I, Desjardins AE. Broadband miniature optical ultrasound probe for high resolution vascular tissue imaging. Biomed Opt Express 2015; 6: 1502-11. https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.6.001502
- Cao Y, Jin W, Ho HL, Ma J. Miniature fiber-tip photoacoustic spectrometer for trace gas detection. Opt Lett 2013; 38: 434-6. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.38.000434