• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.37-46
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• 2020

The aim of this research is to analyze the concentration and deconcentration development of cruise ports in the Mediterranean area by utilizing the concentration ratio (CR), the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), the Gini coefficient, and shift share analysis (SSA). The results of analysis indicated a concentration trend in the West Mediterranean. The cruise ports located in Venice, Piraeus, Naples and Livrno in Adriatic and East Med region lost cruise passengers, while the those in West Mediterranean gained the passengers and showed the trend of concentration. This paper providing the shifting passengers among cruise ports that indicates the competitiveness of cruise ports for industrial stake holders to better understand the cruise ports such as tourist boards, ship agents, and port agents.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 1992

In order to obtain the information on the status of using university cafeteria and students' preferences, the survey was conducted through questionaires to 434 students(male:195, female : 239) of 8 universities - 2 universities employed dietitian and 6 universities which didn't employ dietitian -through all the area of Incheon from 19th November 1990 to 14th December, 1990. The results obtained were as follows. 1) For keeping temperature of meals until service to students Refrigerator or warming cabinet or putting meals on low flames were used, and the amount for one person was almost decided by rough estimation by experience. All the foods remained were discarded. Also most of the cooking manager's age were from 50 to 59 and almost cooking managers graduated middle school. The fuel to cook was gas or kerosene. Method to disinfect tableware was boiling. 2) In case of the frequency of using university cafeteria, male students used cafeteria more often than female students, and regardless of sex students made use of cafeteria for lunch more than for breakfast and supper. Students also used university cafeteria not employing dietitian more than cafeteria employing dietitian. Disregarding of male, female, cafeteria employing cafeteria not employing dietitian, all students pointed out that main reason for using cafeteria were 'low price' and 'no other place to eat' And minor reasons were ' good taste' and 'meal quality'. On the contrary, the case of not using cafeteria were 'waiting in line' to male students, 'poor taste' to female students, 'waiting in line' and 'no varieties' on the cafeteria which employed dietitian, 'poor taste' and 'poor hygienes' on the cafeteria which didn't employ dietitian. 3) Considering of the preferences of menu, both male and female students liked "Bibim Bab" And male students prefered meals which contained broth both but female students prefered a light meals. 4) the difference of preferences showed that female student's preferences were high at all foods, and the preferences of fruits were high for both students. In detail, male students liked port, liver and small intestine of cattle, oyster and beans boiled in soysauce. But female students likde milk, yogurt and cucumber.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2000

The ships over the certain navigation area or her length are required to carry charts under the relevant laws. Charts are indispensible to the ships and fishing vessel, because their crew should know the water depth and location of obstacle in order to avoid danger in the navigation and fishing area. But it was found that many ships do not carry proper charts onboard according to the research marine accidents files of marine accident inquiry agency, and questionnaire survey. Consequently, many ships run aground on the coast and port. This study examined the present status of the coastal ship and the fishing vessels, and explained some problems in the aspect of the covering area, the place, the number of the selling agent and adjoining chart, as well as the geographical and traffic density, the crew on board the ship's characteristics, and so on. In this study we propose the way to solve the problem. firstly, the category of the fishing vessel which should carry the chart on bard under the related laws are required to be lowered to 10 gross tons. Besides a ship inspector should examine if the charts covering the area where to navigate even when the temporary inspection is done are carried on board property. Secondly, the inspection body or the controlling office of ship's entry and departure should check throughly whether the ships concerned carry the chart on board. Thirdly the fishing vessels should used the fishing charts, and the body concerned should train the offices about how to use chart, especiany the difference between Tokyo datum and WGS-84 datum. Fourthly the customized chart such as an atlas like a map, a calenda-type chart, a small chart, as a coated chart needs to be publish for the safety of small ship and fishing vessel. Fifthly, it is advisable to draw a recommended course in the route where the coastal navigate mainly and in the narrow channel, The adjoining area should be improved, as well as the qualify of the chart paper. Sixthly, publication of additional new chart in the southern part of East Sea, the eastern part of South Sea, the western part of South Sea and middle part of Yellow Sea near Incheon port should be thought over. Seventhly, the number of chart selling agent should be increased for the sake of purchaser in proportion to the number of port, and small correction of charts in selling agent must be carried out completely.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.506-510
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• 2013

This study aimed to understand relationship between potential risky species and environmental factors at ports in Korea. During the study periods, 25 potential risky species (red tide and toxic species) representing 20 red-tide species, 5 toxic species were observed in the all ports. Skeletonema costatum (red-tide species) was predominated in all study area. This species showed positive correlation with pH, while negative correlation with dissolved oxygen (p<0.05) at Busan port. Also, this species showed positive correlation with total suspended solids and pH (p<0.05) at Ulsan port. However, Sk. costatum showed positive correlation with nitrate at Incheon port (p<0.01). Pseudo-nitzschia spp. producing amnesic shellfish poison (domoic acid) showed positive correlation with nitrate and silicate in all study areas (p<0.05). Alexandrium spp. (paralytic shellfish poison) and Dinophysis acuminata (diarrhetic shellfish poison) were affected by chemical oxygen demand (p<0.01). Our results indicated that red-tide species were affected by physical factors, while chemical factors affected toxic species.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.65-85
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• 2022

In this study, in order to derive the priority of indicators and sustainability areas of smart ports, which means ports in the digital era, previous studies and ESG, which have recently been indispensably introduced in all industries worldwide, were studied together. A hierarchical structure was established with upper evaluation items and 20 lower evaluation items in four areas (operational, environmental, social, and governance), and a relative evaluation method of weighting items among the AHP techniques was applied. The pairwise comparison questionnaire consisted of a 9-point scale proposed by Satty (1980). A survey was conducted targeting working-level workers who perform sustainability or ESG(Environmental, Social, Governance)-related work at four representative port authorities in Korea (Busan, Incheon, Ulsan, Yeosu Gwangyang). In order to increase the accuracy of the analysis results, AHP analysis was conducted on 17 questionnaires with a consistency ratio of 0.1 or less. As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that among the four areas representing the sustainability of domestic smart ports, the operation area had the highest priority, followed by the environment area. In addition, looking at the overall priorities for the 20 detailed indicators, indicators such as operational efficiency, operational planning, energy management, and pollution measurement and management system were found to have high priority. On the other hand, it was confirmed that the social and the governance areas had relatively low importance compared to other areas.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1110-1117
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• 2014

Tidal flats are continuously contaminated by human activities. This study assessed the bioremediation efficiency of tidal flat soil using microcosm reactors and microorganisms originating from the tidal area. We screened 135 bacterial strains that produce extracellular enzymes from the tidal area located in the North port of Incheon bay. Two bacterial strains (Pseudoalteromonas sp. and IC35 Halothiobacillus neapolitanus IC_S22) were selected and used in the microcosm reactors, which were specially designed to functionally mimic the ecological conditions of the tidal flats. Pseudoalteromonas sp. IC35 was selected based on its relatively high activity of the enzymes amylase, cellulose, lipase, and protease. Halothiobacillus neapolitanus IC_S22 was selected for oxidation of sulfur. The M1 and M2 microcosm reactors were operated by continuous feeding of seawater under the same conditions, but M2 was first inoculated with Pseudoalteromonas sp. IC35 before the seawater feeding. The initial COD in both the M1 and M2 microcosm reactors was 320 mg/l. The final COD was 21 mg/l (M1) and 7 mg/l (M2). The M3 and M4 microcosm reactors were operated by continuous feeding of seawater under the same conditions, but M4 was first inoculated with H. neapolitanus IC_S22. The initial sulfate concentration in both the M3 and M4 microcosm reactors was 660 mg/l, and the maximum sulfate concentration was 1,360 mg/l (M3) and 1,600 mg/l (M4).

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.191-196
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• 2004

This paper is to measure and ealuates the technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency with three inputs and two outputs with the use of DEA(data envelopment analysis) in Korean RCC(Rescue Co-ordination Center/RSC(Rescue Sub-Center). Several conclusion emerge. first the average efficiency of overall technical efficiency measure about $91.03\%$ and pure technical efficiency $96.80\%$ is much large then scale efficiency $93.83\%$. It means that inefficiency has much more to do whit the inefficient utilization of resources rather then the scale of production. second, DRS(decreasing return to scale) is Tongyeong and IRS(increasing return to scale) is Incheon, Taean, Gunsan, Yeosu, Ulsan, Donghae in RCC/RSC. finally, inefficiency RCC/RSC. have to benchmarking with reference sets.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.29 no.3 s.99
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• pp.215-220
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• 2005

This paper aim, to measure and evaluates the technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency with two inputs and four outputs with the use of DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis) in Korean RCC(Rescue Co-ordination Center)/RSC(Rescue Sub-Center). Several conclusion emerge. first the average efficiency of overall technical efficiency measure about $91.03{\%}$ and pure technical efficiency $96.80{\%}$ is much large then scale efficiency $93.83{\%}$. It means that inefficiency has much more to do whit the inefficient utilization of resources rather then the scale of production. second, DRS(decreasing return to scale)is Tongyeong and IRS(increasing return to scale) is Incheon, Taean, Gunsan, Yeosu, Ulsan, Donghae in RCC/RSC finally, inefficiency RCC/RSC have to benchmarking with reference sets.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.53-58
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• 2006

Recently, vessel's average speed in the sea becomes fast because of the increasing of high-speeds vessel like a container ship and ferry. So, it is considered that speed control in the korean narrow waterway isn't the proper vessel traffic management, now. And, there is a rare paper studied about speed control quantitatively and numerically, especially speed control is discussing continuously, as abrogation of Incheon Port's speed control and alleviation of Kwangyang Port's speed control a according to navigating mariner's request. After this paper replayed the navigation traffic flow in the straight waterway using marine traffic flow simulation, the Environmental Stress Model is introduced to evaluate difficulty of each vessel's traffic.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.73-95
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• 2013

This paper analyzes a competitive shipping market in East Asia in order to explore how container carriers make decisions on ship size, number of ships, service frequency, and service route. A sequential-move game based on non-cooperative game theory is applied to establish the models for the decision-makings involving the transportation volumes, freight rates, costs, and market shares of the service routes from Shanghai or Hong Kong to the ports in Busan, Gwangyang, and Incheon. According to the sub-game perfect Nash equilibrium solutions proposed by these models, carriers' decisions in such a competitive environment vary depending on sailing distance, transport demand, and freight rates. Therefore, carriers are recommended to reflect the optimal equilibrium solutions and a variety of decision factors when formulating strategies for transportation networks and operating fleets. Furthermore, ports should establish management strategies for these factors to provide optimal equilibrium solutions for carriers' transportation networks.