• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.57 no.9
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• pp.1-15
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to classify the types of and to examine the characteristics of the golden decoration technique used for expressing patterns on the costumes from Dang dynasty to Cheong dynasty era. In order to classify the types of the golden decoration technique and to examine its characteristics, literature review, focusing on documents and records of China, and investigation on the relics from Dang to Cheong Dynasty era were conducted. The types of decoration technique using gold include china JigGeum (brocade technique), InGeum (attaching gold powder and flake technique), GeumSaJaSu (embroidery technique), GeumSaTapestry, mixed technique. Interestingly, it was newly found in this study that embroidery with golden thread was used in the GeumSaTapestry technique and that there were some cases of the mixture of 2-3 gold decoration technique. The GeumSajaSu technique was used the most frequently from Dang dynasty to Yo dynasty era. However, its use had decreased enormously while the use of JigGeum had increased a lot since Geum dynasty era. The mixture of 2-5 techniques was used frequently in JigGeum, GeumSaJaSu, and GeumSaTapestry, but not used in InGeum. Particularly, the mixture technique was the most frequently used in the GeumSaTapestry, which expresses by composition of paintings. All four methods were used the mostly frequently in costumes, while GeumSaJaSu and GeumSaTapestry were generally used for home accessories. InGeum and GeumSaJaSu were used a lot for gaze and leno fabrics such as Sa or Ra, while JigGeum was mostly used for satin weaved fabrics like Dan.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.56 no.4 s.103
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• pp.82-95
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to figure out the types and characteristics of golden decoration technique out of various techniques of expressing patterns on the costumes. This study reviews both costumes decorated with gold in the relics of Chosun dynasty and literatures focused on domestic and Chinese documents and records. The types of decoration technique using gold include JigGeum (brocade technique), InGeum (gold powder and flake attaching technique), and GeumSaJaSu (embroidery technique). The JigGeum is weaved using golden thread instead of silk thread in order to express patterns. The InGeum technique is to attach gold or silver powder or thin gold or silver flake on the surface of the fabric. The GeumSaJaSu technique is to embroider with gold thread on fabrics. 82 pieces of costumes made using gold in Chosun dynasty era are analyzed. The results follows; In terms of types of technique, is shown to take the majority; JigGeum (43.90%), InGeum (30.49%), GeumSaJaSu (23.61%). Looking at the patterns used by the types, plant pattern and letter pattern are mostly used for both the JigGeum and the inGeum. In terms of the characteristics by their uses, the InGeum is used for court dresses (52%). It is also used for ordinary dresses (12%) and for other purposes (36%). It is mostly used in the court dresses in the late period of Chosun dynasty era. The JigGeum is used for ordinary dresses (47.22%), for court dresses (44.44%) and for other purposes (8.34%). It is evenly used for court dresses and ordinary dresses.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.107-122
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes and developments that occurred as a result of the exchanges of gyeong-geum(經錦), a warp-faced compound weave of East Asia, and wie-geum(緯錦), a weft-faced compound weave of West Asia. In order to maximize the efficiency of this research, topics were narrowed down to the weaving skills and patterns, and the period was limited to the Tang dynasty. The systematic characteristics and differences of gyeong-geum and wie-geum were compared and contrasted through different works of literature. Then the excavated remains of geum-textiles were analyzed and the characteristics of the geum-textiles were defined in chronological order. The origin of wie-geum is traced back to the time when West Asia started to imitate the weaving style of the East Asian gyeong-geum. When combined with the weaving skills of the West Asian, gyeong-geum, which broke through the West and developed into the weft-faced compound twill silk, or samite. The exchange of geum-textiles took place as the techniques of gastric filament woven geum-textiles returned to the East. Along with the pearl roundel motifs of Sassanian Persia, mythical animals and western motifs of hunter patterns were used for the patterns of wie-geumin during the early Tang dynasty. This tendency is related to pa-sa-geum(波斯錦), ho-geum(胡錦), beon-geum(番錦) according to the recorded literature. The 8th and 9th century are periods when the West Asian Persian style was abandoned and the East Asian style, samite, was established. Not only did S twist silk threads replace Z twists, but also the repetition of patterns unfolded along with the weft and the warp. As this tendency was strengthened after the 9th century, the expression of patterns became more vividly colorful and showed both elements of naturalism and realism. The characteristics of the Bosangwha(寶相花) pattern in the Tang period were established with the rampantly repeated rosettes with birds often holding auspicious branches, that fly amid floral compositions.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.64-68
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: Heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Li, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were analyzed to elucidate the impact of weir construction on their concentrations in sediments of Geum River, Korea. We also attempted to investigate the source of the heavy metals in sediments. METHODS AND RESULTS: For this study, sediments were collected from May through June in 2012. The concentrations of heavy metals except Hg were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, and Hg was measured by automatic mercury analyzer. More clay were accumulated in the furthest stations in the upstream direction starting from the weirs. Most of the heavy metals showed higher concentrations in the most upstream located station of Geumnam Weir. However, high concentrations were not observed in the most upstream stations of the other weirs. The concentrations of Hg and As were much higher in sediments of Gap Stream. CONCLUSION: Gap Stream may be a potential source for high deposits of As and Hg. Presence of the dams may not play an important role in controlling heavy metal concentrations in sediments. It is necessary to monitor heavy metal concentrations for a longer time period to study the effect of environmental changes on heavy metal distribution in Geum River.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.113-128
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• 2013

Those records indicate that Jik-geum Hyoong-bae fabric was imported from China and its period was during the fourteen and fifteen century. Gold threads used in three Jik-geum Hyoong-bae artifacts were all wrapped gold thread and gold thread of Danryeong from Young-dukdong, Yong-in, did not have a base, but instead the gold foil itself was attached to the silk cord. Such form of artifact had never been discovered before in Korea. Wrapped gold thread of Seoknamdong's basis was presumably bamboo paper. Three Jik-geum Hyoong-bae have the same weave structure. The ground is woven in a warp-faced 5-end satin weave. The pattern is brocaded with supplementary gold wefts. Supplementary gold wefts are composed of 1/4 twill binding by the odd number pairs of warps within every group of 10 pairs of warps. All of the Jik-geum Hyoong-bae textile were designed and weaved according to the overlapped collared costume's structure. This is also known as 'Jik-seong-pil-ryo'. One symmetric collared jacket excavated in Seok-namdong, Incheon, only has the right half of Hyoong-bae in the front. This is because symmetric collared jacket was made from overlapped collared costume. Tiger and peacock are the main patterns of Jik-geum Hyoong-bae which have realistic and free screen composition and this shows a huge difference to the later generation's standardized Hyoong-bae pattern.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.684-696
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• 2017

An investigation of grain size, organic compounds and metal distribution in lakes from Geum river basin (Republic of Korea) was conducted in two years (2014 and 2015). The samples of sediment were collected from the 3 lakes (12 sites). The samples were analyzed the concentration of metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Hg, Al, and Li) and general indices including grain size. Spearman correlation coefficients were determined using general indices and metal concentrations respectively. The organic qualities of sediments were improved in 2015 compared with 2014. The concentrations of metals were lower than Sediment Criteria of Lakes in Korea. The significant Spearman correlation coefficients were presented only sand-clay, clay-water content, COD-TOC, Cu-Ni, Cd-Li, Zn-Li, and Cr-Ni of general and metal parameters in 2014, 2015 and both of two years.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.328-343
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: For effective subwatershed management, it is very important to select the tributaries for improving water quality and understand the characteristics of tributaries. Until now, however, the case study of main streams has been managed. 17 tributaries in Geum river subwatershed were monitored to regulate the source of water contaminations and identify their current situations in this study. METHODS AND RESULTS: As pollution indicators, such as biological oxygen demand($BOD_5$), chemical oxygen demand($COD_{Mn}$), suspended solid(SS), total nitrogen (T-N), total phosphate(T-P) and total organic carbon(TOC) in Geum river were examined from January to December in 2011. The results were as follows : The annual average concentration of nutrients in Yongdam reservoir upsteam was 0.7 mg/L for BOD, 3.0 mg/L for COD, 8.4 mg/L for SS, 2.905 mg/L for T-N, 0.035 mg/L for T-P and 1.6 mg/L for TOC. Water quality of Daechung reservoir upstream was mostly similar tendency in comparison to Yongdam reservoir upstream. Among the 22 tributaries, water quality in Daechung reservoir downstream was more polluted. T-N contents were significantly high in Miho B4 located Daechung reservoir downstream(annual average concentration: 13.53 mg/L). In cases of Miho A1, A2 and C1, pollution degree was worsened during rainy season expecially. CONCLUSION(S): For improving water quality of Geum river subwatershed, the tributaries in the Mihocheon area should be preferentially considered. Mihocheon tributary is the highest in pollution site, and thus a study on long-term effects should be research.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.438-442
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• 2013

According to Geum-River restoration project, given conditions for management of water environment in the Geum-River were changed. Because of those changes, this study was investigated the establishment of water quality standards and water quality target in the Geum-River basin. For management of water environment in the Geum-River, the sub-basins and watersheds are newly divided and the water quality and ecosystem standards in the sub-basins are reestablished. Considering the consistency of water environment policy and legal system, the legal name of sub-basins and watersheds are unified. TMDL (total maximum daily load) should be implemented in the sub-basin where exceeds the water quality standards and the number of water pollutant among the water quality parameters which exceeds the water quality standards are extremely minimized. The water quality target of water pollutant for implementation of TMDL should be established same or higher concentration of water quality standards.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.331-336
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• 1999

The monthly water quality data measured at 14 stations located in the Geum-River watershed were clustered into 2 to 7 clusters. Furthermore, factor analyses were conducted on Gabcheon and Yugucheon to characterize the water qualtiy, based on the information obtained from the results of culster analysis. The results of cluster analysis show that the water quality charactersitic of main stream of the Geum-River is somewhat different from that of substream of the Geum-River. Furthermore, the water quality characteristic of Gabcheon which is expected to have the most serious water quality problems in the Geum-River watershed shows the most different water quality characteristic from Yugucheon. Based ont he factor loadings in each factor, Gabcheon and Yugucheon have their own water quality characteristics. This is mainly because of composite factors such as different population density, industrial activities, and land use conditions in Gabcheon and Yugucheon subwatersheds.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1031-1043
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• 2017

Recently severe drought caused the water shortage around the western parts of Chungcheongnamdo province, South Korea. A Diversion tunnel from the Geum river to the Boryong dam, which is the water supply dam for these areas has been proposed to solve this problem. This study examined hydraulic impacts on the Geum river associated with the diversion plan assuming the severe drought condition of 2015 would persist for the simulation period of 2016. The hydraulic simulation model was verified using hydrologic and hydraulic data including hourly discharges of the Geum river and its 8 tributaries, fluctuation of tidal level at the mouth of the river, withdrawals and return flows and operation records of the Geum river barrage since Feb. 1, 2015 through May 31, 2015. For the upstream boundary condition of the Geum river predicted inflow series using the nonlinear regression equation for 2015 discharge data was used. In order to estimate the effects of uncertainty in inflow prediction to the results total four inflow series consisting of upper limit flow, expected flow, lower limit flow and instream flow were used to examine hydraulic impacts of the diversion plan. The simulation showed that in cases of upper limit and expected flows there would be no problem in taking water from the Geum river mouth with a minimum water surface level of EL(+) 1.44 m. Meanwhile, the simulation also showed that in cases of lower limit flow and instream flow there would be some problems not only in taking water for water supply from the mouth of the Geum river but also operating the diversion facility itself with minimum water surface levels of EL(+) 0.94, 0.72, 0.43, and 0.14 m for the lower limit flow without/with diversion and the instream flow without/with diversion, respectively.