• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.173-205
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• 2008

Space debris have frequently caused damage to space objects like satellites in orbits and sometimes have fallen on the earth. Such increase in space debris will lead to the high possibility of threatening space activities of mankind. However, it is not so easy for the damage caused both by identified and by unidentified space debris to be recovered since in the regime of the current international law, there is no legislation of prescribing the damage done by space debris. For overcoming the limitation it seems desirable that either the Liability Convention should partly be amended or new international law regime should be established. For instance, 'space debris' should be included in the new definition of 'space object' and the range of launching should also be defined clearly by making the concept of 'launching' somewhat more specified. Moreover, the subject of international liability for damage caused by space debris should be divided into two classes: the subject before and after registration. While in case of before-registration launch states should be held liable for any damage jointly or individually, in case of after-registration 'the state of registry' or 'owner' of the space debris should be. In the event of damage being caused elsewhere than on the surface of the earth to a space object of other State, 'fault-based liability' is currently applied. But it needs to be changed into 'absolutely liability'. In this paper, 'Liability Pool', 'Insurance', 'Market-Share Liability' are presented as aid devices of the damages resulting from unidentified space debris. They should be defined through the amendment of the Liability Convention or another international treaty. Some day there comes a time when our country shall possess many of the astronomical price of satellites. It means that we can't be free from the damage by the increasing number of space debris. Provided that our satellites are damaged by such space debris, it will do the satellites damage and cause impaired functioning or troubles in operation. As a result, if we are not paid for the damage by space debris, we will be confronted with tremendous economic loss because it is necessarily connected with the excess burden of taxation. Thus, an international agreement regarding the measures of the compensation for space debris damage must be made very soon.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.68 no.4
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• pp.262-275
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• 2023

This study aimed to assess the preferences of African, American, and Asian panels, in comparison to a Korean panel, for various Korean rice varieties, including three japonica, two indica, and one Tongil-type, all developed by the Rural Development Administration in Korea. Regarding rice appearance, most panelists, except for the Koreans, favored long and slender rice varieties like 'Hanyeol', 'Hyangyeol', and 'Amissal'. In contrast, the Koreans preferred wider varieties like 'Sindongjin' and 'Deuraehyang'. Notably, the overseas panelists consistently favored rice varieties with high appearance quality in sensory evaluations of cooked rice. Both overseas and Korean panelists strongly preferred the indica rice variety 'Hanyeol' in terms of appearance quality and sensory evaluations. However, Korean rice varieties like 'Amissal' and 'Sindongjin' scored high in appearance quality with overseas panelists but received low ratings in sensory aspects, including shape, stickiness, and taste, compared to those for 'Hanyeol'. This suggests that considering sensory characteristics is important when exporting Korean rice varieties. Regarding taste characteristics preferred by the panelists derived from the correlation analysis between taste traits, Africans preferred rice with a smooth texture and no stickiness, especially favoring long-grain rice. Americans leaned towards rice with a slightly firm texture, some stickiness, and late aging characteristics. Asians preferred rice with a smooth texture, low stickiness, and long-grain varieties. In contrast, Koreans favored round rice with a glossy appearance, a slightly firm texture, late aging traits, and some stickiness. These research findings can serve as valuable data for the development of rice varieties for overseas markets and are expected to contribute to securing competitiveness in international markets.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to determine the forage yield and mineral contents of silage corn(Zea mays L.), and N balance, soil chemical characteristics and nitrate-N level in infiltration water by different types and N rates of liquid manure applied. Seven treatments consisting of chemical fertilizer $200kg\;N;ha^{-1}$, liquid cattle manure 200, 320 and $440kg\;N;ha^{-1}$, liquid swine manure 200, 320 and $440kg\;N;ha^{-1}$ were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results obtained at National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, in Suweon from May 1997 to Aug. 1997 are summarized as follows : There were no significant differences in percentage of dry matter among the treatments, but significant dry matter yield differences were found (P<0.05), and also the mean dry matter yield of liquid swine manure plot was higher than that of liquid cattle manure plot. Potassium, calcium and magnesium contents of silage corn increased with increasing liquid manure application rates (P<0.05). Nitrate-N content of silage corn in the liquid cattle manure treatments was not influenced by liquid manure application rates, but that in the liquid swine manure treatments increased with increasing the N rates of liquid manure application. pH and contents of exchangeable canons of the soil after experiment were raised by increasing the amount of liquid manure application. Available $P_2O_5$ content in topsoil(0-10cm) was highest as $340mg\;kg^{-1}$ at the plot of liquid swine manure $440kg\;N;ha^{-1}$. Concentration of nitrate-N in infiltration water increased at the plot of liquid swine manure $440kg\;N;ha^{-1}$. Amount of nitrogen balance increased with increasing liquid manure application rates. Based on the results of this experiment, it is suggested that the mean dry matter yield of liquid swine manure plot was higher than that of liquid cattle manure plot, and the amount of nitrogen balance increased with increasing liquid manure application.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1995

All agricultural crops and products should be cultured, harvested, handled and processed by the proper mechanical methods in the mechanized farming systems. Agricultural crops might be injured or deformed through various working stages due to static or dynamic forces of machines. Mechanical forces had to be applied with proper degrees to the agricultural crops in incoincidence with properties of crops without any damage of crops so as to increase the work efficiency qualitatively. Knowledges of mechanical properties of agricultural materials are essential to prevent of agricultural crops in relation with mechanical farming system. This study was carried out to examine and analyze the creep behavior of the rice stalk on growing and harvesting periods by mechanical model with computer measurement system in radial directional compressive force and bending force. The creep behavior of the rice stalk could be predicted precisely and its results approached closely to the measured values. The creep behaviors were increased greatly with increase of compressive force, namely, the steady state creep behavior occurred at the force less then 25N and the logarithmic creep behavior at the force bigger than 30N. The instantaneous elastic modulus $E_o$ and the retardation time ${\tau}_K$ were increased together with increase of applied forces, meanwhile the retarded elastic modulus $E_r$ and viscosity ${\eta}_v$ were decreased with increase of applied forces in mechanical model being expected the creep behavior in relation with the level of applied forces, which was well explained that the rice stalk might be visvo-elastic material. In the creep test along the stalk portion with compressive force and bending force, the intermediate portion showed greatest values and also the lower portion showed the least values, which implied that the intermediate portions of rice stalk were very weak. The steady state creep behavior occured at the intermediate portion and the upper portion in the rice stalk at the compressive force larger than 25.0N, which showed the possibility of injury due to external forces.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.220-239
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• 2019

According to the National Currency (國幣) article in GyeongGukDaeJeon (經國大典), the ChoSonT'ongPaeJiIn (朝鮮通幣之印) was a seal that was imprinted on both ends of a piece of hemp fabric (布). It was used for the circulation of hemp fabric as a fabric currency (布幣). The issued fabric currency was used as a currency for trade or as pecuniary means to have one's crime exempted or replace one's labor duty. The ChoSonT'ongPaeJiIn would be imprinted on a piece of hemp fabric (布) to collect one-twentieth of tax. The ChoSonT'ongPaeJiIn (朝鮮通幣之印) was one of the historical currencies and seal materials used during the early Chosun dynasty. Its imprint was a means of collecting taxes; hence, it was one of the taxation research materials. Despite its value, however, there has been no active research undertaken on it. Thus, the investigator conducted comprehensive research on it based on related content found in JeonRokTongGo (典錄通考), Dae'JeonHu-Sok'Rok (大典後續錄), JeongHeonSwaeRok (貞軒?錄) and other geography books (地理志) as well as the materials mentioned by researchers in previous studies. The investigator demonstrated that the ChoSonT'ongPaeJiIn was established based on the concept of circulating Choson fabric notes (朝鮮布貨) with a seal on ChongOseungp'o (正五升布) in entreaty documents submitted in 1401 and that the fabric currency (布幣) with the imprint of the ChoSonT'ongPaeJiIn was used as a currency for trade, pecuniary or taxation means of having one's crime exempted, or replacing one's labor, and as a tool of revenue from ships. The use of ChoSonT'ongPaeJiIn continued even after a ban on fabric currencies (布幣) in March 1516 due to a policy on the "use of Joehwa (paper notes)" in 1515. It was still used as an official seal on local official documents in 1598. During the reign of King Yeongjo (英祖), it was used to make a military service (軍布) hemp fabric. Some records of 1779 indicate that it was used as a means of taxation for international trade. It is estimated that approximately 330 ChoSonT'ongPaeJiIn were in circulation based on records in JeongHeonSwaeRok (貞軒?錄). Although there was the imprint of ChoSonT'ongPaeJiIn in An Inquiry on Choson Currency (朝鮮貨幣考) published in 1940, there had been no fabric currencies (布幣) with its imprint on them or genuine cases of the seal. It was recently found among the artifacts of Wongaksa Temple. The seal imprint was also found on historical manuscripts produced at the Jikjisa Temple in 1775. The investigator compared the seal imprints found on the historical manuscripts of the Jikjisa Temple, attached to TapJwaJongJeonGji (塔左從政志), and published in An Inquiry on Choson Currency with the ChoSonT'ongPaeJiIn housed at the Wongaksa Temple. It was found that these seal imprints were the same shape as the one at Wongaksa Temple. In addition, their overall form was the same as the one depicted in Daerokji (大麓誌) and LiJaeNanGo (?齋亂藁). These findings demonstrate that the ChoSonT'ongPaeJiIn at Wongaksa Temple was a seal made in the 15th century and is, therefore, an important artifact in the study of Choson's currency history, taxation, and seals. There is a need for future research examining its various aspects.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.96-103
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• 1993

The experiments on the ecological characteristics of the suspensible green algae and the algae causing soil-flakes and shier chemical control were conducted in 1992. The unicellular green algae which were dominated by Chlamydomonas sp. largely occurred when phosphorus was applied, but which were reduced by nitrogen application. The filamentous green algae which were dominated by Klebsormidium sp. largely occurred when phosphorus was applied, and which much more increased when nitrogen or potassium was combined with phosphorus. The suspensible green algae which were dominated by Klebsormidium sp. were controlled by 60-70% when simazine 10g ai/10a and propanil 105g ai/10a were applied. The dark blue soil-flakes largely occurred at nitrogen application, and which much more increased when nitrogen was combined with phosphorus. The dark brown soil-flakes largely occurred at phosphorus application, but no more increased even if nitrogen or potassium was combined with phosphorus. The dark blue soil-flakes which were dominated by Oscillatoria sp. much more increased at the temperature conditions of $18^{\circ}C$ compared with $24^{\circ}C$ and $29^{\circ}C$. The applications of bensulfuron/mefenacet/dymron, piperophos/dimethametryn and bensulfuron/dimepiperate controlled 70-90% of the dark blue soil-flakes.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.871-888
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• 1997

Background : It is now thought that the earliest manifestation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is alveolitis, that is, an accumulation of inflammatory and immune effector cells within alveolar walls and spaces. Inflammatory cells including alveolar macrophages and resident normal pulmonary tissue cells participate through the release of many variable mediators such as inflammatory growth factors and cytokines, which contribute to tissue damage and finally cause chronic pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. This study was performed to investigate the source and distribution pattern of transforming growth factor-${\beta}_1$(TGF-${\beta}_1$), platelet derived growth factor(PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF), interleukin 1(IL-1), interleukin 6(IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) and the role of these mediators on bleomycin(BLM)-induced pulmonary injury and fibrosis in rats. Method : Wistar rats were divided into three groups(control group, BLM treated group, BLM and vitamine E treated group). Animals were sacrificed periodically at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28 days after saline or BLM administration. The effects were compared to the results of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis, light microscopic findings, immunohistochemical stains for six different mediators(TGF-${\beta}_1$, PDGF, bFGF, IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$) and mRNA in situ hybridization for TGF-${\beta}_1$. Results : IL-1 and IL-6 are maximally expressed at postbleomycin 1~7th day which are mainly produced by neutrophils and bronchiolar epithelium. It is thought that they induce recruitment of inflammatory cells at the injury site. The expression of IL-1 and IL-6 at the bronchiolar epithelium within 7th day is an indirect evidence of contribution of bronchiolar epithelial cells to promote and maintain the inflammatory and immune responses adjacent to the airways. TNF-$\alpha$ is mainly produced by neutrophils and bronchiolar epithelial cells during 1~5th day, alveolar macrophages during 7~28th day. At the earlier period, TNF-$\alpha$ causes recruitment of inflammatory cells at the injury site and later stimulates pulmonary fibrosis. The main secreting cells of TGF-${\beta}_1$ are alveolar macrophages and bronchiolar epithelium and the target is pulmonary fibroblasts and extracellular matrix. TGF-${\beta}_1$ and PDGF stimulate proliferation of pulmonary fibroblasts and TGF-${\beta}_1$ and bFGF incite the fibroblasts to produce extracellular matrix. The vitamine E and BLM treated group shows few positive cells(p<0.05). Conclusion : After endothelial and epithelial injury, the neutrophils and bronchiolar epithelium secrete IL-1, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$ which induce infiltration of many neutrophils. It is thought that variable enzymes and $O_2$ radicals released by these neutrophils cause destruction of normal lung architecture and progression of pulmonary fibrosis. At the 7~28th day, TGF-${\beta}_1$, PDGF, bFGF, TNF-$\alpha$ secreted by alveolar macrophages sting pulmonary fibroblasts into proliferating with increased production of extracellular matrix and finally, they make progression of pulmonary fibrosis. TNF-$\alpha$ compares quite important with TGF-${\beta}_1$ to cause pulmonary fibrosis. Vitamine E seems to decrease the extent of BLM induced pulmonary fibrosis.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.186-189
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• 2011

The transitivity of Chemical constituents by Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated in different raw sawdusts, which are Juglans mandchurica, Cudrania tricuspidata and Lindera glauca, was investigated. The HPLC chromatography patterns on the chemical constituents of P. ostreatus showed the similar chromatography patterns in all different raw sawdusts and control sawdust. The unknown chemical constituents of P. ostreatus cultivated in the 10%, 20% mixed medium added 10 %, 20% different raw sawdusts, respectively, were increased. But the significance results in the mixed medium added 50% different raw sawdusts were not showed. The chromatography patterns of mycelia grown in media added the 80% MeOH extracts of three tree species showed the similar patterns in comparison with control mycelia. In the results, the secondary metabolites of functional media were not degrade and changed to other derivatives compounds by P. ostreatus.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.375-383
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• 2001

We extracted sea surface heights(SSH) from the TopexJPoseidon(T/P) radar altimeter data to compare with fhe SSH estimated from in-situ lide gauges(T/G) at Ulleungdo, Pohang, and SockcholMucko sites. Selection criteria such as wet/dry troposphere, ionosphere, and ocean tide were used to estimate accurate SSH. For time series analysis, the one-hour interval tide gauge SSHs were resampled al lO-day interval of the satellite SSHs. The ocean tide model applied in the altimeter data processing showed periodic aliasings of 175.5 day, 87.8 day, 62J day, 58.5 day, 49.5 day and 46.0 day, and, hence, the ZOO-day filtering was applied to reduce these spectral noises. Wavenumber correlation analysis was also applied to extract common components between the two SSHs, resulting in enhancing the correlation coefficient(CC) dramatically. The original CCs between the satenite and tide gauge SSHs are 0.46. 0.26, and 0.]5, respectively. Ulleungdo shows the largest cc bec;luase the site is far from the coast resulting in the minimun error in the satellite observations. The CCs were then increased to 0.59, 030, and 0.30, respectively, after 200.day filtering, and to 0.69, 0.63. and 0.59 after removing inversely correlative components using wavenumber correlation analysis. The CCs were greatly increased by 87, 227, and 460% when the wavenumber correlation analysis was followed by 2oo-day filtering, resulting in the final CCs of 0.86, 0.85, 0.84, respectively. It was found that the best SSHs were estimated when the two methods were applied to the original data. The low-pass filtered TIP SSHs were found to be well correlated with the TIG SSHs from tide gauges, and the best correlation results were found when we applied both low-pass filtering and spectral correlation analysis to the original SSHs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.3
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• pp.323-330
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• 2013

This study was conducted to know the effect of major physical-chemical characteristics of soil to be in the area of indigenous and naturalized plant in the sand dune of the western coastal area of Korea. The study was performed on the sand dunes distributed across Taean-gun and Buan-gun and the study period was from April to October in 2010. Sixty nine of $5m{\times}5m$ study plots were installed and the distribution of plants were investigated. We measured the soil characteristics including soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available $P_2O_5$, soil cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cation, EC and NaCl. As a result, soil texture was classified as sand, in case of average pH, NaCl, and EC of soil to be in the area of indigenous herbaceous plant were 7.77, 0.03% and $0.52ds.m^{-1}$, indigenous woody plant of the mean pH, NaCl and EC were 7.31, 0.01%, $0.23ds.m^{-1}$. In case of naturalized herbaceous plant of the mean soil pH, NaCl and EC were 7.12, 0.01%, $0.29ds.m^{-1}$, naturalized woody plant of the mean soil pH, NaCl and EC were 7.34, 0.01%, $0.20ds.m^{-1}$ respectively. On average, naturalize plants showed in low salinity concentration than indigenous plants.