• The Journal of KAIRB
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2020

Purpose: To obtain opinions from Korean Institutional Review Board (IRB) members' self-evaluation on ability to conduct fairness review of clinical trial protocol with presence of conflict of interest and from investigators and IRB members on financial conflict of interest through surveying. Methods: IRB members and researchers in 9 different hospitals were asked to answer survey questions via email. Results: Responders were 115 personnel (IRB Chair/vice 18, medical member 30, non-medical member 28, and researcher 39) from 9 centers. Compared to IRB medical members, IRB chair/vice respondents scored higher with statistically significance on 10 point scale (8.44±1.381 vs. 7.30±1.685, p=0.005) when asked to self-evaluate fairness reviewing a protocol proposed by an investigator from the same department and a protocol from the company that supports the scientific committee of responders. When reviewing a protocol proposed by a hospital director, non-medical members scored statistically significantly higher than medical-members (7.47±1.76 vs. 8.07±2.70, p=0.034). When asked about the limitation of labor fee for principal investigator on phase 3 Human clinical trials of the Investigational new drug, while the responses range was wide, 60% answered that labor cost of principal investigator should be less than 30% of total budget for clinical trials with a budget of 100 million won. 51.3% answered that there is no need to disclose the labor cost of the principal investigator in the consent form. Since every investigator can be influenced unconsciously by conflict of interest, the answer that 'responder agrees that there is need for management' was the most chosen answer (IRB member 61.8%, investigator 64.1%, multiple answers allowed). Conclusion: Considering scores on questions of fairness by IRB members were between 7.23-8.56 on scale of 0 to 10 point when IRB members were asked about reviewing a clinical trial protocol, it cannot be said with absolute certainty that there is no issue regarding fairness in the review process. Therefore, there should be more ways to safeguard fairness for these issues. There is a need that the disclosure amount of honorarium from sponsor should be lower than 100 million Korean won. Considering the results of the survey in which respondents expressed their thoughts, it is likely that more education on the concept of conflict of interest is needed.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.68 no.3
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• pp.106-113
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• 2023

We examined the heading responses of rice varieties over two years in Dandong, China to select the varieties that are adaptable to the bordering northwestern plains of North Korea. Dandong had slightly lower mean temperature than Sinuiju, North Korea but slightly higher than Supung, but it had almost the same day-length as the two regions in North Korea. In the two experimental years and two transplanting-date treatments, eight varieties (Jinbuol, Baegilmi, Joun, Jinok, Jopyeong, Jinbu, Sanhomi, and Odae) from South Korea and five varieties (Olbyeo2, Sonbong9, Onpo1, Gilju1, and Pyongdo5) from North Korea reached the heading stage not later than the latest heading dates of Dandong domestic varieties and the safe marginal heading dates of Dandong. We examined the basic vegetative phase (BVP), photoperiod-sensitivity (PS), and thermo-sensitivity (TS) of rice heading in a phytotron study to characterize the heading ecotypes of rice varieties adaptable to Dandong. For the rice varieties grown in Dandong experimental field, number of days to the heading stage was highly positively correlated with PS and, except middle and mid-late maturing three varieties, it was significantly positively correlated with BVP. Two-dimensional distribution plotting revealed that both 35 days or less BVP and 25 days or less PS were the characteristic heading ecotypes of the rice varieties adaptable to Dandong.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.99-111
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• 1973

Percentage recovery or fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by rice plant(Oriza sativa L.) were investigated at 8, 10, 12, 14 kg/10a of N, 6 kg of $P_2O_5$ and 8 kg of $K_2O$ application level in 1967 (51 places) and 1968 (32 places). Two types of nutrient contribution for the yield, that is, P type in which phosphorus firstly increases silicate uptake and secondly silicate increases nitrogen uptake, and K type in which potassium firstly increases P uptake and secondly P increases nitrogen uptake were postulated according to the following results from the correlation analyses (linear) between percentage recovery of fertilizer nutrient and grain or dry matter yields and nutrient uptake. 1. Percentage frequency of minus or zero recovery occurrence was 4% in nitrogen, 48% in phosphorus and 38% in potassium. The frequency distribution of percentage recovery appeared as a normal distribution curve with maximum at 30 to 40 recovery class in nitrogen, but appeared as a show distribution with maximum at below zero class in phosphorus and potassium. 2. Percentage recovery (including only above zero) was 33 in N (above 10kg/10a), 27 in P, 40 in K in 1967 and 40 in N, 20 in P, 46 in Kin 1968. Mean percentage recovery of two years including zero for zero or below zero was 33 in N, 13 in P and 27 in K. 3. Standard deviation of percentage recovery was greater than percentage recovery in P and K and annual variation of CV (coefficient of variation) was greatest in P. 4. The frequency of significant correlation between percentage recovery and grain or dry matter yield was highest in N and lowest in P. Percentage recovery of nitrogen at 10 kg level has significant correlation only with percentage recovery of P in 1967 and only with that of potassium in 1968. 5. The correlation between percentage recovery and dry matter yield of all treatments showed only significant in P in 1967, and only significant in K in 1968, Negative correlation coefficients between percentage recovery and grain or dry matter yield of no or minus fertilizer plots were shown only in K in 1967 and only in P in 1968 indicating that phosphorus fertilizer gave a distinct positive role in 1967 but somewhat' negative role in 1968 while potassium fertilizer worked positively in 1968 but somewhat negatively in 1967. 6. The correlation between percentage recovery of nutrient and grain yield showed similar tendency as with dry matter yield but lower coefficients. Thus the role of nutrients was more precisely expressed through dry matter yield. 7. Percentage recovery of N very frequently had significant correlation with nitrogen uptake of nitrogen applied plot, and significant negative correlation with nitrogen uptake of minus nitrogen plot, and less frequently had significant correlation with P, K and Si uptake of nitrogen applied plot. 8. Percentage recovery of P had significant correlation with Si uptake of all treatments and with N uptake of all treatments except minus phosphorus plot in 1967 indicating that phosphorus application firstly increases Si uptake and secondly silicate increases nitrogen uptake. Percentage recovery of P also frequently had significant correlation with P or K uptake of nitrogen applied plot. 9. Percentage recovery of K had significant correlation with P uptake of all treatments, N uptake of all treatments except minus phosphorus plot, and significant negative correlation with K uptake of minus K plot and with Si uptake of no fertilizer plot or the highest N applied plot in 1968, and negative correlation coefficient with P uptake of no fertilizer or minus nutrient plot in 1967. Percentage recovery of K had higher correlation coefficients with dry matter yield or grain yield than with K uptake. The above facts suggest that K application firstly increases P uptake and secondly phosphorus increases nitrogen uptake for dry matter yied. 10. Percentage recovery of N had significant higher correlation coefficient with grain yield or dry matter yield of minus K plot than with those of minus phosphorus plot, and had higher with those of fertilizer plot than with those of minus K plot. Similar tendency was observed between N uptake and percentage recovery of N among the above treatments. Percentage recovery of K had negative correlation coefficient with grain or-dry matter yield of no fertilizer plot or minus nutrient plot. These facts reveal that phosphorus increases nitrogen uptake and when phosphorus or nitrogen is insufficient potassium competatively inhibits nitrogen uptake. 11. Percentage recovery of N, Pand K had significant negative correlation with relative dry matter yield of minus phosphorus plot (yield of minus plot x 100/yield of complete plot; in 1967 and with relative grain yield of minus K plot in 1968. These results suggest that phosphorus affects tillering or vegetative phase more while potassium affects grain formation or Reproductive phase more, and that clearly show the annual difference of P and K fertilizer effect according to the weather. 12. The correlation between percentage recovery of fertilizer and the relative yield of minus nutrient plat or that of no fertilizer plot to that of minus nutrient plot indicated that nitrogen is the most effective factor for the production even in the minus P or K plot. 13. From the above facts it could be concluded that about 40 to 50 percen of paddy fields do rot require P or K fertilizer and even in the case of need the application amount should be greatly different according to field and weather of the year, especially in phosphorus.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.207-212
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• 2012

The objective of the present study is to identify the physico-chemical characteristics of used plug media (UPM) and its effect on growth response of tomato and cucumber seedlings. The UPM from commercial media Mix#5 (Sungro co., Ltd.) was used in this study. This media was sterilized by sterilizer at $120^{\circ}C$ in 30 minutes at 1.5 atm. Physicochemical properties of UPM was compared with new plug media (NPM). Physical properties such as air volume, particle density, solid volume, bulk density were investigated by three phase device (DIK-1130, Japan). And chemical characteristics such as $NO_3$-N, $P_2O_5$, K, Mg, Ca, $SiO_2$, CEC, OM were investigated by soil spectrophotometer (PTIZEN 1412SA, Mecasys Co., Ltd). The result indicates that air volume and water holding capacity of UPM are lower than NPM (25%, 15%, respectively). Bulk density and soil weight are more than two times higher than NPM per unit volume. Compared to NPM, there were no significant different for pH and EC. But CEC of UPM is lower than NPM 40%. In order to compare growth response and ability absorption of inorganic elements by plants, cucumber and tomato seedlings were used and chemical characteristics after growing of mediums were determined. The result indicated that seeding quality of tomato and cucumber in UPM is less than in NPM and almost inorganic ions of UPM are lower than NPM. So it is necessary to improve physicochemical properties of UPM.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.557-564
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• 2015

The previous etching, rinsing and drying processes of wafers for MEMS (microelectromechanical system) using SC-$CO_2$ (supercritical-$CO_2$) consists of two steps. Firstly, MEMS-wafers are etched by organic solvent in a separate etching equipment from the high pressure dryer and then moved to the high pressure dryer to rinse and dry them using SC-$CO_2$. We found that the previous two step process could be applied to etch and dry wafers for MEMS but could not confirm the reproducibility through several experiments. We thought the cause of that was the stiction of structures occurring due to vaporization of the etching solvent during moving MEMS wafer to high pressure dryer after etching it outside. In order to improve the structure stiction problem, we designed a continuous process for etching, rinsing and drying MEMS-wafers using SC-$CO_2$ without moving them. And we also wanted to know relations of states of carbon dioxide (gas, liquid, supercritical fluid) to the structure stiction problem. In the case of using gas carbon dioxide (3 MPa, $25^{\circ}C$) as an etching solvent, we could obtain well-treated MEMS-wafers without stiction and confirm the reproducibility of experimental results. The quantity of rinsing solvent used could be also reduced compared with the previous technology. In the case of using liquid carbon dioxide (3 MPa, $5^{\circ}C$, we could not obtain well-treated MEMS-wafers without stiction due to the phase separation of between liquid carbon dioxide and etching co-solvent(acetone). In the case of using SC-$CO_2$ (7.5 Mpa, $40^{\circ}C$), we had as good results as those of the case using gas-$CO_2$. Besides the processing time was shortened compared with that of the case of using gas-$CO_2$.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.498-506
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• 2016

1, 2-Hexanediol galactoside (HD-gal) has been previously synthesized from 1, 2-hexanediol (HD), in which recombinant ${\beta}$-galactosidase (${\beta}$-gal) of Escherichia coli (E. coli) was used for transgalactosylation reaction. In this study, a method for HD-gal purification from the reaction mixture was particularly investigated. Using ${\beta}$-gal-containing E. coli, HD-gal was synthesized from 75 mM HD for 48 hr under 300 g/l lactose concentration. Then, HD-gal synthesis from HD was confirmed by TLC analysis, and the existence of E. coli ${\beta}$-gal during 48 hr-reaction was also confirmed by Western blotting, in which the conversion yield of HD to HD-gal reached about 94% during 48 hr. To establish an efficient method for HD-gal purification, we carried out the solvent extraction of the reaction mixture, followed by silica gel chromatography, particularly in order to remove the residual HD. Two water-immiscible solvents, such as methylene chloride and ethyl acetate, were investigated comparatively to find out appropriate solvent. Then, it was found that residual HD was almost removed when ethyl acetate extraction of water phase of reaction mixture was carried out four times. Subsequently, silica gel chromatography was carried out, and purified HD-gal could be finally obtained. The production yield for HD-gal from 75 mM HD was $8.9{\pm}0.6%$ (n=3) (mole basis) or $21.1{\pm}1.4%$ (n=3) (weight basis). For further study, using purified HD-gal, we will investigate the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of HD-gal against bacteria. In addition, cytotoxicity to human skin cells of HD-gal will be examined.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.9
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• pp.1333-1338
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• 2015

This study investigated the effects of addition of Chrysanthemum indicum L. extracts on quality characteristics of Kukhwju during fermentation. Fermented liquors without C. indicum L. were used as the control group. For experimental groups, we added 1, 2, 5, and 10% C. indicum L. extracts and brewed according to the addition method written in Yorok. The pH level during fermentation phase, alcohol concentration, level of reducing sugars, and acidity were measured in each of the experimental groups. After fermentation, we measured total contents of phenols, antioxidant effects, free sugars, organic acids, and chromaticity. During fermentation, no significant difference was observed between the C. indicum L. group and control group. Regarding total phenol contents and antioxidant effects, only the 5% and 10% C. indicum L. groups showed higher contents of phenols than the non-addition group. In general, 5% and 10% C. indicum L. addition groups were positively evaluated. In conclusion, Kukhwaju with 10% C. indicum L. extract showed the best antioxidant effects. In the present study, we obtained different characteristics and determined the optimum addition amount of C. indicum L.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.234-240
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• 2014

Fluxapyroxad is classified as carboxamide fungicide that inhibits succinate dehydrogenase in complex II of mitochondrial respiratory chain, which results in inhibition of mycelial growth within the fungus target species. This study was carried out to assure the safety of fluxapyroxad residues in agricultural products by developing an official analytical method. A new, reliable analytical method was developed and validated using High Performance liquid Chromatograph-UV/visible detector (HPLC-UVD) for the determination of fluxapyroxad residues. The fluxapyroxad residues in samples were extracted with acetonitrile, partitioned with dichloromethane, and then purified with silica solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. Correlation coefficient($R^2$) of fluxapyroxad standard solution was 0.9999. The method was validated using apple, pear, peanut, pepper, hulled rice, potato, and soybean spiked with fluxapyroxad at 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg. Average recoveries were 80.6~114.0% with relative standard deviation less than 10%, and limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.01 and 0.05 mg/kg, respectively. All validation parameters were followed with Codex guideline (CAC/GL 40). LC-MS (Liquid Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer) was also applied to confirm the analytical method. Base on these results, this method was found to be appropriate fluxapyroxad residue determination and can be used as the official method of analysis.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.247-251
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• 2013

The objective of present study was to develop a simultaneous determination method of 5 medical compounds, including beclomethasone, dexamethasone, prednisolone, ketoprofen, phenylbutazone in foods, using LC-MS/MS. To optimize MS analytical condition of 5 compounds, each parameter was established by MRM mode. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column successfully, with a mobile phase made up of A (0.1% formic acid) and B (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile), at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min for 17 min with a gradient elution. LOD and LOQ of 5 compounds were in the range of 0.40~4.60 ng/mL and 0.81~11.46 ng/mL, respectively. As a result of analyzing the three concentrations of the standard mixture added to blank samples, the results showed that the mean recovery rate of 5 compounds was in the range of 81.52~103.83%, and RSD (%) of Intra- and Inter-day assay were 0.52-10.45. Since relatively fine selectivity, accuracy and reproducibility were shown in this qualified experimental method, it could be utilized efficiently to investigating those 5 compounds to see if it is added to food products illegally.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 2016

Purpose: The diagnosis of Kawasaki disease depends on clinical symptoms, which makes it difficult to diagnose early in patients with only cervical lymphadenopathy. The purpose of this study is to understand the clinical characteristics of cervical-lymph-node-first presentation of Kawasaki disease and compare them with those of typical Kawasaki disease. Methods: We surveyed 283 patients who were admitted to Hallym Sacred Heart Hospital and were diagnosed with Kawasaki disease from January 2012 to December 2014. The patients were divided into two groups: cervical-lymph-node-first presentation of Kawasaki disease (LKD, N=24) and typical Kawasaki disease (KD, N=259). The medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Results: The mean age of the LKD group was higher than that of the KD group (P=0.04). At admission, the LKD patients had on average 1.62 out of 5 symptoms, whereas the KD patients had 3.47. The time from fever to diagnosis and administration of IV immunoglobulin was longer in the LKD group than in the KD group (P<0.001). The mean C-reactive protein of the LKD group was higher than that of the KD group (P=0.01). There were no statistical differences in the presence of coronary artery complications between the two groups at two weeks or at two months after diagnosis (P=0.52, P=0.08). Conclusions: The Kawasaki disease patients with fever and cervical lymphadenopathy usually do not present obvious clinical symptoms, which makes it hard to diagnose in the early phase of disease. Clinician must pay attention when examining these patients.