• Molecules and Cells
• /
• 제39권12호
• /
• pp.855-861
• /
• 2016

Ginsenosides, which are the active materials of ginseng, have biological functions that include anti-osteoporotic effects. Aqueous ginseng extract inhibits osteoclast differentiation induced by receptor activator of NF-${\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL). Aqueous ginseng extract produces chromatography peaks characteristic of ginsenosides. Among these peaks, ginsenoside Re is a major component. However, the preventive effects of ginsenoside Re against osteoclast differentiation are not known. We studied the effect of ginsenoside Re on osteoclast differentiation, RANKL-induced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, and formation of multinucleated osteoclasts in vitro. Ginsenoside Re hampered osteoclast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. In an in vivo zebrafish model, aqueous ginseng extract and ginsenoside Re had anti-osteoclastogenesis effects. These findings suggest that both aqueous ginseng extract and ginsenoside Re prevent bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation. Ginsenoside Re could be important for promoting bone health.

• 생태와환경
• /
• 제33권2호통권90호
• /
• pp.136-144
• /
• 2000

팔당호 주변에서 자생하는 식물체를 이용하여 실험실 내에서 배양된 남조류에 투여하여 조류증식 억제 효율을 조사하였다. 조류 성장 억제 효과에 있어 육상식물을 이용하는 경우 조류 밀도가 10$^{4}$ cells/ml 범위에서의 0.5g/l 투여량은 전혀 효과를 나타내지 못했던 반면, 2.5 g/l 투여량에서는 95% 이상의 효과를 보였다. 조류 밀도가 10$^{6}$ cells/ml 범위에서의 육상식물 투여량은 2.5 g/l 이상이 필요했다. 조류성장 억제에 육상식물은 잣잎, 수생식물은 애기마름이 큰 효과를 보였다. 애기마름 투여조는 조류 밀도가 10$^{6}$ cells/ml 범위에서도 2.5 g/l 투여량으로 50%의 억제 효율이 나타났다. 식물을 이용한 조류 증식 억제 효과는 식물 투여 후 7일째 후 가장 효과가 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 습체, 건체, 추출물 비교시 추출물이 가장 효과가 좋은 것으로 육상식물 투여조의 경우 1.25 g/l 투여량에 비해 2.5 g/l 투여량에서 현저한 효과를 보였고, 애기마름은 1.25 g/l 투여량에서도 99%의 효과를 보였다. 건체식물은 습체식물에 비해 초기에도 높은 효과를 보였다. 조류의 비증식속도로 보았을 때도 식물체 추출물을 투여했을 때 가장 효과가 좋았고 다음으로 건체, 습체식물 투여순으로 조류 증식억제 효과를 나타내었다.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.365-374
• /
• 2004

Inhalation toxicity, mutagenicity, and immunotoxicity tests were performed using a smoke generation system to investigate the safety of Herbrette, a tobacco substitute made with the leaves of Perilla frutescens. ICR mice were exposed to nicotine-free Herbrette smoke with concentrations of 0 (control), 4.08 $\pm$ 1.32 mg/$m^3$ (low dose), 7.72 $\pm$ 2.14 mg/$m^3$ (medium dose) and 12.83 $\pm$ 1.69 mg/$m^3$ (high dose) total particulate matters (TPM) for 4 weeks. When compared to the control group, the body weights, organ weights in the exposed groups did not show any significant differences. However, certain change of several serum chemical data and biochemical parameters were observed, however, the changes were within normal physiological ranges. Moreover, no changes in organ weight, and no gross/microscopic changes were observed between the exposed and control groups. Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation, in vivo chromosomal aberration and micronucleus assays revealed that Herbrette did not induce mutagenicity. Upon evaluation of peripheral cellular immunity of mice through in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay, no significant difference was observed in mean stimulation index between the exposed and control groups. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that Herbrette may not cause toxicity on mice under current condition.

• 한국자원식물학회지
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.102-108
• /
• 2018

본 연구는 꼭두서니의 뿌리인 천초근의 물 추출물과 에탄올 추출물을 이용하여 대장암 세포에 대한 암세포 성장 억제 및 사멸효과가 있는지 알아보고자 수행하였다. ERA(천초근 에탄올 추출물)은 폴리페놀($45.77{\pm}2.03mg/g$)과 플라보노이드($22.82{\pm}1.33mg/g$)를 함유하고 있었으며, $H_2O_2$에 의해 증가된 ROS(reactive oxygen species)를 억제하는 효과를 나타냈지만 WRA(천초근 물 추출물)은 효과가 없었다. 또한 ERA는 $500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$의 농도로 대장암 세포주(HCT-116)에 처리했을 때 세포사멸을 유도할 뿐만 아니라 caspase-3 단백질 활성화, DNA fragmentation 및 apoptotic cell death를 일으키는 것으로 확인되었다. 이는 ERA가 HCT-116 세포주에 대해 apoptosis(세포자멸사)를 통해 항암효과를 나타내는 것으로 생각되지만 다른 연구결과들과 비교하였을 때 농도 대비 효능이 미미하다. 따라서 천초근 에탄올 추출물에 대장암 세포의 성장을 억제하는 유효성분을 분석하여 그 효능을 탐색하는 추가실험이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.31-46
• /
• 2006

Purpose : The Purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of antithromb otic activities of Honghwadangguisan(HDS) Methods : Measured the effect which was given to blood flow rate through the regular volume of glass tube after the blood was diluted five times with ACD soulution. Antithrombotic effect was calculated as a percentage of the experimental animal figure protected from the paralysis of hind legs or death of the mouse that is caused from the administration of platelet aggregation regent. Each of the groups consisted in 8 mice, was divided into Normal, Control, and HBS. All of these 3 group were supplied a saline solution and after an hour the control group brought the dextran extravasated blood. Also the HDS group was dosed to the experimental mice with Oral Zonde one day before the experiment. After that, the mice were abstained from food. And then we gave a measured amount of it before an hour. Finally, it gave rise to dextran extravasated blood as well as the Control group. Results : The results were obtained as follows. In vitro, HDS inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP and epinephrine significantly as compared with the control group. HDS showed fibrinolytic activity insignificantly as compared with the control group. HDS reduced blood flow rate in significantly as compared with the control group. In vivo HDS inhibited pulmonary embolism induced by collagen and epinephrine (inhibitive rate 50%). HDS increased number of platelet, fibrinogen amount and shortened prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time significantly but reduced blood flow rate insignificantly as compared with the control group in thrombus model induced by dextran. Conclusion : HDS is effective antithrombotic activity from experimental result.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제46권4호
• /
• pp.409-416
• /
• 2017

천연물 유래 물질의 항염증 활성에 대한 잠재성을 평가하기 위한 일환으로 오배자에서 분리한 PGG가 LPS로 자극한 마우스 대식세포인 RAW264.7 세포에서 염증반응에 미치는 영향에 대해 평가하고 관련 메커니즘에 대해 검토하였다. PGG는 LPS 자극에 의해 유도된 iNOS 및 COX-2 단백질 발현량을 감소함으로써 NO와 $PGE_2$ 생성을 억제할 뿐만 아니라 IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$와 같은 pro-inflammatory cytokine의 분비를 억제하였다. 이러한 효과는 전사인자인 NF-${\kappa}B$의 세포질에서 핵으로의 이동을 억제함으로써 나타나는 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 결과로부터 PGG가 염증 반응을 저해하는 효과가 있는 것으로 나타나 향후 염증성 질환을 예방, 개선 및 치료하는 데 유용한 물질로 사용될 가능성이 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한화장품학회지
• /
• 제34권2호
• /
• pp.129-135
• /
• 2008

본 연구에서는 하고초(Prunella vulgaris) 추출물의 항노화 효과에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 시험 결과, 하고초 추출물의 콜라겐 생성 촉진 효과는 250 ${\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서 75.7%, MMP-1 생성 억제 효과는 200 ${\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서 90.2%로 나타났고, 엘라스테이즈 활성 억제 효과는 2.0% 농도에서 43.7%로 나타났다. 또한, 하고초 추출물의 항산화 효과 측정을 위한 자유 라티칼 소거 효과 시험 결과 2.0% 농도에서 76.9%의 소거 효과를 나타내었으며, 과산화수소에 의한 세포사멸 억제 효과는 2.0% 농도에서 49.9%로 나타났다. 하고초 추출물의 피부에 대한 영향을 알아보기 위하여 22명(연령분포 : 34세$\sim$48세)의 지원자를 대상으로 실시한 이중 맹검 임상 연구 결과, 하고초 추출물 4.0% 함유 제형을 12주간 도포하였을 때, 대조군과 비교하여 전문가의 육안평가, 모사판을 제작하여 주름의 정도를 분석한 결과 주름 개선에 현저한 효과가 있음을 확인하였다(p<0.05). 이러한 결과를 통해 하고초 추출물은 피부의 탄력과 주름을 효과적으로 개선함으로써, 천연 항노화 소재로 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제29권7호
• /
• pp.1165-1176
• /
• 2019

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), produced by Clostridium botulinum, are the most toxic substances known. However, the number of currently approved medical countermeasures for these toxins is very limited. Therefore, studies on therapeutic antitoxins are essential to prepare for toxin-related emergencies. Currently, more than 10,000 Halla horses, a crossbreed between the native Jeju and Thoroughbred horses, are being raised in Jeju Island of Korea. They can be used for equine antitoxin experiments and production of hyperimmune serum against BoNT/A1. Instead of the inactivated BoNT/A1 toxoid, Halla horse was immunized with the receptor-binding domain present in the C-terminus of heavy chain of BoNT/A1 (BoNT/A1-HCR) expressed in Escherichia coli. The anti-BoNT/A1-HCR antibody titer increased rapidly by week 4, and this level was maintained for several weeks after boosting immunization. Notably, $20{\mu}l$ of the week-24 BoNT/A1-HCR(-immunized) equine serum showed an in vitro neutralizing activity of over 8 international units (IU) of a reference equine antitoxin. Furthermore, $20{\mu}l$ of equine serum and $100{\mu}g$ of purified equine $F(ab^{\prime})_2$ showed 100% neutralization of 10,000 $LD_{50}$ in vivo. The results of this study shall contribute towards optimizing antitoxin production for BoNT/A1, which is essential for emergency preparedness and response.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.71-80
• /
• 2021

Objectives : This study investigated cellular-protective effects of Nardotidis seu Sulculii Concha water extract (NSCE) against oxidative stress induced by arachidonic acid (AA)+iron or tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBHP). Methods : In vitro, MTT assay was assessed for cell viability, and immunoblotting analysis was performed to detect expression of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway and autophagy related proteins. In vivo, mice were orally administrated with the aqueous extract of NSCE of 500 mg/kg for 3 days, and then injected with CCl₄ 0.5 mg/kg body weight to induce acute damage. The level of liver damage was measured by serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) analysis. Results : Treatment with NSCE inhibited cell death induced by AA+iron and tBHP. NSCE induced the phosphorylation of AMPK, and this compound also induced the phosphorylation of LKB1, an upstream kinase of AMPK, and Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), a primary downstream target of AMPK. NSCE increased the protein levels of autophagic markers (LC3II and beclin-1) and decreased the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and simultaneously increased the phosphorylation of unc-51-like kinase-1 (ULK-1) in time-dependent manner. Conclusions : NSCE has the ability 1) to protect cells against oxidative stress induced by AA+iron or tBHP. NSCE 2) to activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and 3) to regulate autophagy, an important regulator in cell survival.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제45권2호
• /
• pp.264-272
• /
• 2021

Background: Gintonin is a ginseng-derived exogenous G-protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand, which exhibits in vitro and in vivo functions against Alzheimer disease (AD) through lysophosphatidic acid 1/3 receptors. A recent study demonstrated that systemic treatment with gintonin enhances paracellular permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) through the LPA1/3 receptor. However, little is known about whether gintonin can enhance brain delivery of donepezil (DPZ) (Aricept), which is a representative cognition-improving drug used in AD clinics. In the present study, we examined whether systemic administration of gintonin can stimulate brain delivery of DPZ. Methods: We administered gintonin and DPZ alone or coadministered gintonin with DPZ intravenously or orally to rats. Then we collected the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and serum and determined the DPZ concentration through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Results: Intravenous, but not oral, coadministration of gintonin with DPZ increased the CSF concentration of DPZ in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Gintonin-mediated enhancement of brain delivery of DPZ was blocked by Ki16425, a LPA1/3 receptor antagonist. Coadministration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) + gintonin with DPZ similarly increased CSF DPZ concentration. However, gintonin-mediated enhancement of brain delivery of DPZ was blocked by axitinip, a VEGF receptor antagonist. Mannitol, a BBB disrupting agent that increases the BBB permeability, enhanced gintonin-mediated enhancement of brain delivery of DPZ. Conclusions: We found that intravenous, but not oral, coadministration of gintonin facilitates brain delivery of DPZ from plasma via LPA1/3 and VEGF receptors. Gintonin is a potential candidate as a ginseng-derived novel agent for the brain delivery of DPZ for treatment of patients with AD.