• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.409-414
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• 2016

Background: The low survival rate of in vitro regenerated Panax ginseng plantlets after transfer to soil is the main obstacle for their successful micropropagation and molecular breeding. In most cases, young plantlets converted from somatic embryos are transferred to soil. Methods: In vitro thickened taproots, which were produced after prolonged culture of ginseng plantlets, were transferred to soil. Results: Taproot thickening of plantlets occurred near hypocotyl and primary roots. Elevated concentration of sucrose in the medium stimulated the root thickening of plantlets. Senescence of shoots occurred following the prolonged culture of plantlets. Once the leaves of plantlets senesced, the buds on taproots developed a dormant tendency. Gibberellic acid treatment was required for dormancy breaking of the buds. Analysis of endogenous abscisic acid revealed that the content of abscisic acid in taproots with senescent shoots was comparatively higher than that of taproots with green shoots. Thickened taproots were transferred to soil, followed by exposure to gibberellic acid or a cold temperature of $2^{\circ}C$ for 4 mo. Cold treatment of roots at $2^{\circ}C$ for 4 mo resulted in bud sprouting in 84% of roots. Spraying of 100 mg/L gibberellic acid also induced the bud sprouting in 81% roots. Conclusion: Soil transfer of dormant taproots of P. ginseng has advantages since they do not require an acclimatization procedure, humidity control of plants, and photoautotrophic growth, and a high soil survival rate was attained.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.124-129
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• 2009

In general, the root color of Codonopsis lanceolata is white, but red or blue-colored root is found at a low frequency in nature. Red or blue-colored roots have scarcity value, thus farmers wish to produce colored roots. The factors for determining the color of roots are unclear whether the color is controlled by genetically or simply by environmentally such as soil environment. Using in vitro culture system which is advantageous for setting of the same culture condition, we analyzed the physiological and morphological characteristics and genetic differences among red-, blue- and white lines of C. lanceolata. In the red colored roots, stems of in vitro cultured plantlet were colored in dark red pigment. Histological analysis revealed that the red pigment was accumulated in the outer cortex layer of the stem and determined as anthocyanin. Chlorophyll contents in red root lines were higher than those in white- and blue root lines. Plantlets from red roots were smaller in both shoot length and total leaf area than those from white- and blue roots. Genetic differences among the three different colored C. lanceolata were determined by RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) analysis. Each line of colored roots had clear DNA polymorphism. These results indicate that the occurrence of red- and blue colored roots in nature was determined by genetic factors rather than soil enviromental conditions.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.223-228
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate an optimal condition for shoot proliferation and regenerate shoots from in vitro leaflet and embryogenic calli from in vitro roots in rose. The effect of BAP on shoot proliferation was somewhat different depending upon genotypes or gelling agents. Leaflets with petiole cut from donor shoots which had been cultured in MS medium supplemented with 0.1 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA for six weeks was effective for regeneration of adventitious buds(ABs) as well as shoot elongation of Rosa hybrida cv. Sweet Pink. Culturing seven leaflet explants per petri plate($100mm{\times}15mm$) was effective for regeneration of ABs. Embryogenesis was shown in the calli induced from roots of Rosa hybrida cv. Sweet Pink cultured in the SH medium supplemented with 11 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 2, 4-D for four weeks. Color of calli induced from roots was yellow although their color was a little different as type of basal medium.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.802-807
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• 2000

This study was conducted to propagate the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in vitro using the hairy root of carrot transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes with Ri t-DNA. Mycorrhizal spores and roots in sudangrass plants were wet-sieved, surface-sterilized and inoculated onto the hairy root of carrot on the Modified Strullu & Romand (MSR) medium. The mycorrhizal spores of Glomus sp. propagated in vitro for 12 weeks was about $50{\mu}m$, and the shapes of spores were round or elliptic. Spores were formed mainly at the middle of the hyphae. Number of mycorrhizal spores propagated using dual culture of the transformed carrot roots and the mycorrhizal inoculum for 12 weeks were about 1,200 per plates.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.163-169
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• 2009

Dendropanax morbifera (Araliaceae) is an endemic species in Korea and distributed in the southern part of Korea. The roots and stems of this plant have been used for folk medicine for the treatment of migraine headache, dysmenorrheal, and remove wind dampness and for Vanishes production. Production of adventitious roots in D. morbifera by in vitro cultures could be used as alternatives materials. Leaf, stem, and root segments from D. morbifera seedling were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/L IBA and 30 g/L sucrose. After 4 weeks of culture, the highest induction of adventitious roots was obtained from the leaf segment. Frequency of adventitious root formation on medium with various kinds of auxins (IAA, NAA, 2,4-D, and IBA) and various concentrations of IBA (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mg/L) was tested. The maximum induction of adventitious root was obtained on medium with 1.0 mg/L IBA. In liquid culture, growth of root was best 1/2MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L IBA and 30 g/L sucrose. Adventitious roots were cultured in 5 L bioreactor containing 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L IBA and 30 g/L sucrose and mass-production of adventitious roots was successfully achieved. This study demonstrated for the first time to produce adventitious roots in D. morbifera.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 1990

Forty extracted human mandibular second molars with C-shaped canal were chosen to study the anatomy of the root canal. The experimental teeth were injected with china ink, decalcified and cleared with Winter green oil, in vitro, to study the number of root, root canal, canal per root, frequency and location of lateral canal and transverse anastomosis. 1. All teedth had one root. 2. Mesial roots with two canals were 25%, and mesial roots with one canal were 75%. All distal roots had one canal. 3. In the roots with two canals, the common apical foramen appeared in 20% and the separte apical foramen appeared in 80%. 4. The frequence of lateral canal was 33.3% and the most frequent region was middle 1/3. 5. All teeth had the transverse anastomosis in all region of the roots.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.39-42
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• 1986

The antioxidant activity of petroleum ether extract of Panax ginseng roots in the oxidation of mixed methyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids(MEUFA) was investigated in vitro. The petroleum ether extract of panax ginseng roots showed the antioxidant activity and inhibited the weight gain in the autoxidation of MEUFA. And the induction periods in the autoxidation of MEUFA were related to te addition concentrations of petroleum ether extact. The antioxidant effect of petroleum ether extract on the autoxidation of MEUFA was caused by the protective formation of lipid peroxides and carbonyl compounds. From the results obtained, it was confirmed that petroleum ether extract of panax ginseng roots contained antioxidant substances.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.187-191
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• 2003

This paper reported the establishment of mass production system of adventitious roots of Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus through the shake flask and bio-reactor culture. Induction of adventitious roots was started from the explants of germinated somatic embryos on half-strength Murashing and Skoog (MS) solid medium. The frequency of adventitious root formation was better in the explants comprising the basal hypocotyl parts than root explants alone. Among the different auxins tested (NAA, IBA and IAA), frequency of adventitious root induction was highest on medium with 0.5 mg/L NAA, and produced $16.3\pm1.9$ roots per explant. In shake-flask culture, deletion of $NH_4NO_3$ of MS medium was effective for induction of adventitious root compared with both full and half-strength MS media. Fresh weight increase of induced adventitious roots was performed well in medium with 0.5 mg/L IBA. When adventitious roots produced in shake-flask culture were transferred to 10-liter bioreactor, 5.5 times of fresh weight increase was gained after one month of culture. HPLC analysis revealed that the amount of eleutheroside E and E1 was higher in in vitro cultured adventitious roots than the 3 year-old field cultivated root barks of Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus. The content of eltutheroside B was much lower in adventitious roots than that of field cultivated one.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.37-41
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• 2006

In vitro mass multiplication of Vanilla planifolia was investigated using node as explant. Multiple shoots were developed in MS medium supplemented with $2.0mgl^{-1}$ 6-benzylaminopurine and $1.0mgl^{-1}$ $\alpha$-naphthalene acetic acid. Multiple shoots were maintained for 6-T weeks with regular subculturing at the end of $3^{rd}$ week onto fresh medium. The maximum number of shoots at the rate of 12.8 per node segment was achieved over a period of four weeks. The elongated shoots were separated from the shoot clusters and were transferred onto half strength MS medium supplemented with indole-3-acetic acid ($1.0mgl^{-1}$) over a period of 28 days for induction of roots. The development of roots was observed on $7^{th}$ day of incubation. The in vitro raised plantlets were transferred to poly-cups, covered with polyethylene sheets and maintained under shade net for 25 days for hardening. Finally these plants were transferred to field and recorded that 85 % of tissue cultured plants were survived. From the present study, a simple and efficient micropropagation protocol was developed for Vanilla planifolia using single node segments as explants.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1381-1387
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• 2013

The leaves and roots of Ligularia stenocephala, which are widely used as a food in Korea, were investigated for their antioxidant activities and cytotoxicity in vitro, and their hepatoprotective effect, alcohol detoxicant efficacy, and memory-enhancing property were investigated in vivo. The unique odor of the leaves was analyzed by GC-MS. Lipid peroxidation, superoxide anion formation, and DPPH radicals were inhibited remarkably by the extracts of the leaves and roots. The leaves of this edible plant significantly protected the hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride and further diminished the blood alcohol content in mice. While the roots of this plant exhibited adequate cytotoxicity against four human tumor cell lines, especially against melanoma, the leaves revealed relatively weak activity. Both the leaves and the roots exerted an excellent ameliorating property on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in the passive avoidance task using an animal model. The hexane fraction of the leaves was analyzed by GC-MS, suggesting that a series of terpenoids may be odorous compounds in this plant.