• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.447-453
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• 2007

With a broad objective for the development of microbial based fertilizers, a total of 373 strains were isolated from rhizoplane and rhizosphere of pepper, tomato, lettuce, pasture, and grass. The efficacy of the isolates to augument overall plant growth was evaluated. After screening for their plant growth promotion and antagonistic properties in vitro efficient strains were further selected. The most efficient strains was characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequences and biochemical techniques and was designated as Bacillus subtilis S37-2. The strains facilitated plant growth and inhibited the plant phathogenic fungi such as Fusarium oxysporum (KACC 40037, Rhizoctonia solani (KACC 40140), and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (KACC 40457). Pot based bioassay using lettuce as test plant was conducted by inoculating suspension ($10^5$ to $10^8cells\;mL^{-1}$) of B. subtilis S37-2 to the rhizosphere of lettuce cultivated in soil pots. Compared with non-inoculated pots, marked increase in leaf (42.3%) and root mass (48.7%) was observed in the inoculation group where the 50ml of cell mixture ($8.7{\times}10^8cells\;ml^{-1}$) was applied to the rhizosphere of letuce either once or twice. Antagonistic effects of B. subtilis S37-2 strain on S. sclerotiorum (KACC 40457) were tested. All the tested lettuce plants perished after 9 days in treatment containing only S. sclerotiorum, but only 17% of lettuce was perished in the inoculation plot. B. subtilis grew well in the TSB culture medium. The isolates grew better in yeast extracts than peptone and tryptone as nitrogen source. The growth rate was 2~4 times greater at $37^{\circ}C$ as compared with $30^{\circ}C$ incubation temperature. B. subitlis S37-2 produced $0.1{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$ of IAA (indole 3-acetic acid) in the TSB medium containing L-tryptophan($20mg\;L^{-1}$) in 24 hours.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.116-122
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• 2017

Basic dyes such as malachite green and methylene blue have been used as disinfectants to control water fungal infections since the 1930s. However, after succeeding reports of carcinogenicity and bioaccumulation of the dye, their use was forbidden in lieu of public health. This study undertook to evaluate the therapeutic effect of sulfur solution processed by effective microorganisms (EM-PSS) against Saprolegnia parasitica infection, and its safety in fish. In vitro antifungal evaluation of EM-PSS inhibited the growth of S. parasitica mycelia at concentrations of 50 ppm or higher. The acute toxicity test of EM-PSS to the mud fish (Misgurnus mizolepis) measured a no effect concentration (NOEC) at 100 ppm, the lowest effect concentration (LOEC) at 125 ppm, and the half-lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) at 125 ppm in juvenile and 250 ppm in the immature stage. In addition, the ecotoxicity test of EM-PSS using Daphnia magna inhibited swimming of D. magna at concentrations of 100 ppm or less. Lastly, the EM-PSS prevented infection of S. parasitica to mud fish, at concentrations of 50 ppm. Furthermore, at 100 ppm concentration, the EM-PSS showed no acute toxicity on mud fish, nor any eco-toxic effects on D. magnano. Therefore, we conclude that carcinogenic disinfectants such as malachite green and methylene blue could be replaced by EM-PSS to remove S. parasitica in mud fish farming, and might be a potential eco-friendly disinfectant in aquaculture.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.93-100
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• 2005

This research was performed to investigate the possibilities of industrial usage of camellia (Camellia japonica L.) by examining the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of methanol extract with different sections. Content of total phenolics, DPPH radical scavenging activities and antibacterial activity of young leaf, mature leaf, flower bud, flower, bark, and seed of camellia were compared in vitro experimental models. Total phenolics was contained the higher in young leaf (74.62 mg), flower bud (65.02 mg) and flower (62.42 mg) but less than 20.95 mg per 100 g of dry weight in other parts of Camellia japonica L. And effects of antioxidant measured by DPPH radical scavenger activity ($RC_{50}$, reduce concentration 50%), was shown higher $7.16{\sim}18.14\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ in methanol extract of young leaf, flower bud and flower than $61.23\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of BHT as a chemical oxidant. Also, the antimicrobial activity of Camellia japonica L. extracts determined using a paper disc method against food-borne pathogen and food spoilage bacteria, the young leaves extracts showed the most active antimicrobial activity against 7 kinds of harmful microorganisms. Flower bud extracts showed the highest antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp. C1036. In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of young leaf extract against B. subtillis,S. fradiae,S. aureus,E. coli,P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp. C1036, and S. typhimurium were revealed 1 to 15 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$. As a result, antimicrobial activity of camellia extracts was shown higher gram positive bacteria than gram negative bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.342-347
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• 2004

A bacterial strain YC4963 with antifungal activity against Colletotrichum orbiculare, a causal organism of cucumber anthracnose was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Siegesbeckia pubescens Makino in Korea. Based on physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis, the bac­terial strain was identified as Pseudomonas aurantiaca. The bacteria also inhibited mycelial growth of several plant fungal pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani on PDA and 0.1 TSA media. The antifungal activity was found from the culture filtrate of this isolate and the active compound was quantitatively bound to XAD adsorption resin. The antibiotic compound was purified and identified as phenazine-l-carboxylic acid on the basis of combined spectral and chemical analyses data. This is the first report on the production of phenazine-l-carboxylic acid by Pseudomonas aurantiaca.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.39-45
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• 1973

The majority of drugs used in the treatment of superficial fungal infections has limited values due to its low efficacy or development of resistance. For the purpose of searching efficacious agent on the superficial fungal infections induced by dermatophytes which is regarded as the most malicious one, authors examined whether Chinae Rhizoma Extracts have significant on it. Extracts from Smilax china Linne used for the study are water extract (CRWE), ethanol extract (CREE) and methanol extract (CRME). In in vitro studies, the spores of the dermatophytes were inoculated on Sabouraud's glucose agar media which contained three extracts of Chinae Rhizoma in each concentration of $500\;{\mu}g/ml$, $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ and $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ respectively, and also $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ of salicylic acid and undecylenic acid $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ as comparable drugs. The growth of the dermatophytes were observed for 3 weeks. The species of the dermatophytes used in this experiment were Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum cookei, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum nanum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton tonsurans and Trichophyton verrucosum distributed from The Institute of Tropical Medicine in Belgium. The results of the studies were as follows: 1. The growth of M. canis, M. nanum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans were slightly inhibited in CRWE $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ and CRWE $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$, and only slight inhibition on the growth of E. floccosum, M. canis and M. gypseum were observed in CRWE $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. 2. Complete inhibition of T. rubrum, moderate inhibition of M. nanum & T. tonsurans, and slight inhibition of E. floccosunl, M. canis, M. cookei & T. mentagrophytes in growth were observed in concentration of CREE $500\;{\mu}g/ml$. The growth of M. gypseum was slightly inhibited, moderate inhibition on the growth of M. canis, M. cookei & T. mentagrophytes, and complete inhibition of E. floccosum, M. nanum, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans in growth were observeed by CREE $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. With $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ of CREE, the growth of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. cookei, M. gypseum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans were completely inhibited except T. verrucosum being showed slight inhibition. 3. In CRME $500\;{\mu}g/ml$, slight inhibition of T. verrucosum, moderate inhibition of M. gypseum and complete inhibition of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. cookei, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans in growth were observed. The growth of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. cookei, M. gypseum, M. nanum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans were completely inhibited except T. verrucosum being showed moderate inhibition in both CRME $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ and CRME $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. 4. In $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ of undecylenic acid, slight inhibition of T. verrucosum and complete inhibition of E, floccosum, M. canis, M. cookei, M. gypseum, M. nanum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans in growth were observed. From the above results, it was found that Chinas Rhizoma Alcoholic Extracts(CREE & CRME) exerted significant antifungal activity, and their effects were probably derived from the pharmacological actions of triterpenoidal saponin and steroidal saponin.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2007

In March of 2004, gray snow mold (Typhula blight) caused by Typhula spp. occurred on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poo pratensis L.) at MuJu golf courses in Jeonbuk Province. Leaves in the affected areas were matted together and frequently covered with white to grayish mycelia. Sclerotia were formed on the leaf blade, leaf sheath, or crown regions. The fungus isolated from the diseased leaf formed whitish mycelium, clamp connections, and light pink to brown, irregular-shaped small sclerotia of less than 1.4 mm in diameter, which are characteristic to Typhula incarnata. Optimum temperature ranges for mycelial growth were $5^{\circ}C$ to $15^{\circ}C$. The causal organism was confirmed to be T. incarnata as the partial sequence of its ribosomal RNA ITS1 (internal transcribed spacer) region was 91% homologous to those of T. incarnata in GenBank database. Out of the 14 fungicides tested fur antifungal activity in vitro, 10 fungicides including iprodione, tebuconazole, polyoxin D, flutolanil, hexaconazole, tolclofos-methyl, fosetyl-Al, mepronil, pencycuron+tebuconazole, and fenarimol completely inhibited fungal growth at their recommended concentrations. In the field test, these fungicides and others such as thifluzamide and thiram effectively controlled the gray snow mold of turfgrass with some variable degrees of control efficacies.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.59-63
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• 1973

Although numerous drugs are available for the treatment of superficial fungi infections of skin, and yet the clinical effects of most of such drugs are not satisfactory. In the hope of searching for effective drugs for superficial fungi infections, the authors observed fungistatic effects of Pyrethri Flos, a common herb in Korea, with water extract (PFWE), ethanol extract (PFEE), and methanol extract (PFME) from Pyrethrum cinerariaefolium V. In in vitro studies, the spores of fungi were inoculated on Sabouraud's glucose agar media which contained Pyrethri Flos extracts in each concentrations of $500\;{\mu}g/ml$, $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ and $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ respectively, and the growth of the fungi was observed for 3 weeks. The species of the fungi used in these experiments were Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum nanum, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum cookei, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton tonsurans and Trichophyton verrucosum. The results of these studies were as follows; 1. The growth of M. nanum & T. rubrum was slightly inhibited by PFWE $500\;{\mu}g/ml$, and the growth of M. nanum, M. cookei & T. rubrum was slightly inhibited by PFWE $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. The growth of E. floccosum, M. gypseum & M. cookei was slightly inhibited, however the growth of M. canis, M. nanum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans was significantly inhibited by PFWE $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. With $500\;{\mu}g/ml$ of PFEE, the growth of M. canis, M. nanum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans was significantly inhibited, and moderate inhibition of M. cookei growth and slight inhibition E. floccosum & M. gypseum were observed. The growth of M. canis, M. nanum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans was significantly inhibited, and the growth of E. floccosum, M. gypseum & M. cookei was moderately inhibited by PFEE $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. Significant inhibitions of the growth of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. nanum, M. gypseum, M. cookei, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans were observed by PFEE $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. 3. The growth of E. floccosum & M. cookei was moderately inhibited, and the growth of M. canis, M. nanum, M. gypseum, M. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans was significantly inhibited by PFME $500\;{\mu}g/ml$. But the growth of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. nanum, M. gypseum, M. cookei, T. mentagrophytes, T, rubrum & T. tonsurans was significantly inhibited, and the growth of T. verrucosum was slightly inhibited in both PFME $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ and $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.142-147
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• 2011

In order to develop a environmentally friendly control protocol for managing tomato leaf mold disease in the field, we employed bacteria- and fungi-based commercially available microbial preparations. The field experiment was conducted from April to July in 2010. Average incidence rates tomato leaf mold caused by Fulvia fulva were 13.1% at the two plastic houses located in Jangsung, Jeonnam area. Initially 11 microbial preparations were tested for antifungal activity against F. fulva in vitro. Among them, 7 selected preparations showed to be inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal pathogen over 50%. Four microbes suppressed disease incidence as much 50% under greenhouse condition. Eventually in the field two microbial products including Bacillus subtilis GB-0365 and B. subtilis KB-401 respectively were showed control value up to 71.8% for four times sprays from 20 days to 70 days after transplanting. Furthermore, the control value of three times spray program demonstrated 79.3%. Efficacy of the three and four spray programs was more effective than that of non-spray control treatment. Our results indicated that adjustment of application method of commercially available microbial preparation could be used to control a target plant disease as an effective and efficient crop protection system for organic farming.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.259-263
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• 2014

For application of sodium hypochlorite as a seed disinfectant to the control of bakanae disease caused by Gibberella fujikuroi in rice, we investigated the effects of sodium hypochlorite for antifungal activity, eliminating fungus from seeds and reducing disease occurrence in vitro and greenhouse. The viability of the pathogen was significantly reduced at $80{\mu}l/l$ concentration of sodium hypochlorite, and the pathogens did not grow at over $100{\mu}l/l$ concentration of sodium hypochlorite. The effect of eliminating fungus was 90% at treatment of 0.3% sodium hypochlorite solution to infected rice seeds for eight hours. When the rice seeds were soaked into 0.5% and 0.3% sodium hypochlorite solutions for twelve hours, the disease incidences of rice seedling were remarkably reduced to 4.3% and 4.7%, respectively, compared to 97.3% of non-treatment control. The rates of seedling stand were 29.1% and 26.9% higher with the sodium hypochlorite treatment than that of non-treatment control. When prochloraz and sodium hypochlorite was treated to naturally severely infested rice seeds with bakanae disease, the disinfection effect was higher than that of prochloraz alone treatment. When the seeds were soaked in sodium hypochlorite before or after prochloraz, the rate of seed contamination was low as 4.0% or 6.3%, respectively, compared to prochloraz alone as 13.7%. The disease incidence was low as 3.7% or 8.3%, respectively, compared to prochloraz alone as 14.3%. The disinfection effect of treatment with prochloraz after sodium hypochlorite was higher than that of treatment with prochloraz before sodium hypochlorite.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.243-257
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• 2016

Objectives : Illicium verum Hook. f. has been known to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, analgesic, sedative, convulsive activities, it has been rarely conducted to evaluate the immuno-biological activity. The present study was examined to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of the Illicium verum Hook. f. water extracts (IVE) in vivo and in vitro. Methods : Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The relative levels of NO were measured with Griess reagent. iNOS, COX-2, $NF-{\kappa}B$ and target proteins were detected by immunoblot analysis, and levels of cytokines were analyzed by ELISA kit. Anti-edema effect was determined in the carrageenan (CA)-induced paw edema model in rats. Results : All dosages of IVE used in MTT assay had no significant cytotoxicity. The increases of NO production and iNOS expression were detected in LPS-treated cells compared with control. However, these increases were attenuated by treatment with IVE. Also, IVE reduced the elevated production of $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 by LPS. IVE inhibited the $p-I{\kappa}B$ and translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ to nuclear. Furthermore, IVE significantly inhibited the increases of hind paw swelling, skin thicknesses and inflammatory cell infiltrations induced by CA injection. Therefore, IVE will be favorably inhibited the acute edematous inflammations. Conclusion : These results provide evidences that anti-inflammatory effect of IVE is partly due to the reduction of some inflammatory mediators by suppression of $NF-{\kappa}B$ pathway.