• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.207-212
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• 2004

Ruminal digestion of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of processed (ensiled, deepstacked or composted) broiler litter (BL) was determined in situ and in vitro, and compared with rice straw (RS). DM disappearances at 24 and 48 h and digestion of differently processed BL were higher than those of RS. Compared with RS, processed BL was low in NDF disappearance at 72 h incubation, digestion rate ($K_dB$) and digestibility at 0.025 of passage rate; however, deepstacked BL was similar in these NDF characteristics. Processing of BL affected ruminal digestion of nutrients such as DM and NDF adversely. NDF of composted BL, especially, was the most indigestible. This in situ nutritional evaluation indicated that deepstacked BL, the most widely used form of BL, was superior in DM characteristics (fractions, ruminal disappearance and digestibility) and similar in NDF characteristics (ruminal disappearance and digestibility) to RS.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.842-853
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• 2014

본 연구는 고올레산 해바라기유(high oleic sunflower oil, HOSO), palmitic ethyl ester 및 stearic ethyl ester를 이용하여 대칭형 유지와 비대칭형 유지를 합성하였으며, 이를 이용하여 in vitro digestion에서의 소화율(%)을 비교하고자 하였다. 생성된 대칭형 유지와 비대칭형 유지는 acetone을 이용하여 분별함으로써 대칭형 유지는 I, II, III으로, 비대칭형 유지는 IV, V로 분별되었다. 그 후 분별물들을 이용하여 in vitro digestion을 진행함으로써 소화율(%)과 농도변화량(mg/mL/min)을 비교하였으며, 분별물들의 위치별 지방산 및 TAG 조성 분석, DSC를 통한 흡열 및 발열곡선 분석, solid fat index와 융점 측정을 통해 특성을 알아보고자 하였다. 위치별 지방산 조성 분석 결과 I, II, III은 sn-2 위치에 palmitic acid와 stearic acid의 합이 4.9~6.5 area%로 나타나 주로 대칭형 TAG로 이루어졌고, IV와 V는 41.9~43.9 area%로 나타나 주로 비대칭형 TAG로 구성되어 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 한편 in vitro digestion을 진행하여 분별물간의 가수분해율(%)을 비교한 결과, 반응시간 120분에서는 V만 다른 분별물에 비해 약 40% 정도 소화가 되지 않았으며, V의 융점이 $49^{\circ}C$로 반응온도($37^{\circ}C$)보다 높았다. 초기 반응시간(15분)에서는 I,II>IV>III>V 순으로 소화가 되지 않았으며, 각 분별물에서 ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$와 POS/PSO의 가수분해율(%)을 비교해 본 결과 TAG 간의 가수분해율 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 III과 IV를 비교해 보았을 때, IV가 III에 비해 두 개의 포화지방산으로 구성된 TAG 함량이 약 40 area% 적지만 complete melting point가 III과 유사한 것으로 나타나 비대칭형 TAG가 대칭형 TAG에 비해 융점이 높다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 slip melting point가 in vitro digestion 결과에 가장 큰 영향을 미치며, 융점은 총지방산 조성에서의 포화지방산 함량이 높을수록, 두 개의 포화지방산으로 구성된 TAG의 함량이 높을수록, 비대칭형 TAG로 이루어질수록 높아짐을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.305-318
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• 2023

This study investigated the protein digestibility of chicken breast and thigh in an in vitro digestion model to determine the better protein sources for the elderly in terms of bioavailability. For this purpose, the biochemical traits of raw muscles and the structural properties of myofibrillar proteins were monitored. The thigh had higher pH, 10% trichloroacetic acid-soluble α-amino groups, and protein carbonyl content than the breast (p<0.05). In the proximate composition, the thigh had higher crude fat and lower crude protein content than the breast (p<0.05). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of myofibrillar proteins showed noticeable differences in the band intensities of tropomyosin α-chain and myosin light chain-3 between the thigh and breast. The intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence intensity of myosin was lower in the thigh than in the breast (p<0.05). Moreover, circular dichroism spectroscopy of myosin revealed that the thigh had higher α-helical and lower β-sheet structures than the breast (p<0.05). The cooked muscles were then chopped and digested in the elderly digestion model. The thigh had more α-amino groups than the breast after both gastric and gastrointestinal digestion (p<0.05). SDS-PAGE analysis of the gastric digesta showed that more bands remained in the digesta of the breast than that of the thigh. The content of proteins less than 3 kDa in the gastrointestinal digesta was also higher in the thigh than in the breast (p<0.05). These results reveal that chicken thigh with higher in vitro protein digestibility is a more appropriate protein source for the elderly than chicken breast.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.1849-1857
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• 2007

The experiment was carried out using fistulated multiparous Holstein Friesian crossbred (75% Holstein Friesian and 25% Red Sindhi) dairy cows in their dry period fed on untreated rice straw to evaluate the nutritive value of local protein feed resources using the in sacco method and in vitro pepsin-pancreatin digestion. Experimental feeds were cottonseed meal (CSM); soybean meal (SBM); dried brewery's grains (DBG); palm kernel meal (PSM); cassava hay (CH); leucaena leaf meal (LLM). Each feedstuff was weighed into duplicate nylon bags and incubated in each of the two rumen fistulated cows for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h. Rumen feed residues from bags of 16 h incubation were used for estimation of lower gut digestibility by the technique of in vitro pepsin-pancreatin digestion. Ruminal ammonia-nitrogen ($NH_3-N$) concentrations did not differ between treatments or time with a mean of 5.5 mg%. Effective degradability of DM of CSM, SBM, DBG, PSM, CH and LLM were 41.9, 56.1, 30.8, 47.0, 41.1 and 47.5%, respectively. Effective degradabilities of the CP in feedstuffs were 49.6, 59.2, 40.9, 33.5, 47.3 and 65.0% for the respective feedstuffs. The CP in vitro pepsin-pancreatin digestibility as ranked from the highest to the lowest were SBM, CSM, LLM, CH, DBG, PSM, respectively. The intestinal and total tract digestion of feedstuffs in the current study were relatively lower than that obtained from previous literature. The results of this study indicate that SBM and LLM were highly degradable in the rumen, while CH, CSM and DBG were less degradable and, hence resulted in higher rumen undegradable protein. Soybean meal and LLM could be used to improve rumen ecology whilst CH, CSM and DBG could be used as rumen by-pass protein for ruminant feeding in the tropics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.389-396
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• 1994

Effects of chemical treatments on in sacco and in vitro digestibility of barley straw by rumen fluid and pure cultures of cellulolytic bacteria were studied to evaluate the pretreatment and to improve the poor quality feed. Chemicals were applied by dissolving them in water equivalent to 40% of the weight of the straw (dry matter basis). Pretreatment with 5% NaOH yielded the largest increase in sacco digestion followed by pretreatment with 2% $(NH_4)_2SO_3$, 2.6% $NH_4OH$, 1.6% $NaHSO_3$ and untreated straw (control). In sacco dry matter digestibility of straw treated with NaOH and $(NH_4)_2SO_3$ continued to increase as the concentration of chemical increased (1 to 7.5%), as it was the in vitro dry matter loss by leaching. Treatment of barley straw with 5% NaOH enhanced significantly (p < 0.01) in vitro digestibility by rumen fluid, Fibrobacter suceinogenes and Ruminococcus albus though the fermentation products by cellulolytic bacteria were low, whereas the treatment with 5% $(NH_4)_2SO_3$ inhibited in vitro digestibility by F. succinogenes and R. albus together with lower fermentation products. Dry matter loss by leaching and bacterial digestion from barley straw treated with NaOH and $(NH_4)_2SO_3$ suggested the effect of pretreatment with these chemicals were based on leaching, and the cellulolytic bacteria had little to do with digestion.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.538-545
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• 2023

본 연구는 probiotics mixture(Lactobacillus acidophilus PBS066(DSM 24936), Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PBS067(DSM 24937), Limosilactobacillus reuteri PBS072(DSM 25175))의 안전성 및 탄수화물 소화 효소 저해 효과를 in vitro로 평가하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 모든 균주는 유럽식품안전처(EFSA) 지침에서 권장하는 항생제 내성 프로필을 충족시켰으며, 모든 균주는 용혈 활성 및 세포 독성을 나타내지 않았다. Probiotics mixture, L. plantarum PBS067 그리고 L. reuteri PBS072는 α-amylase 활성을 억제하는 것으로 나타났으며, probiotics mixture와 이의 균주 3종 모두 α-glucosidase 활성을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 이로써 본 연구에 사용한 probiotics mixture 및 이의 단일 균주 3종의 안전성과 탄수화물 소화 억제 효과를 확인하였으며, 따라서 probiotics mixture 이의 단일 균주 3종은 섭취하여도 안전하며 섭취 시 체내 탄수화물 대사를 잠재적으로 조절하는 것을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제64권1호
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• pp.49-55
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• 2021

The diet plays a fundamental role in the formation of the gut microbiota, determining the interrelationship between the gut microbiota and the host. The current study investigated the effect of Chlorella vulgaris on the gut microbiota by using simulated in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation. Bioaccessibility was measured after in vitro digestion, and SCFAs and microbial profiling were analyzed after colonic fermentation. The bioaccessibility of C. vulgaris was 0.24 g/g. The three major SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) increased significantly when compared to the control group. In microbial profiling analysis, microorganisms such as Faecalibacterium, Dialister, Megasphaera, Dorea, Odoribacter, Roseburia, Bifidobacterium, Butyricmonas, and Veillonella were high in C. vulgaris group. Among them, Faecalibacterium, Dialister, Megasphaera, Roseburia, and Veillonella were thought to be closely associated with the increased level of SCFAs. Finally, it can be expected to help improve gut microbiota and health through ingestion of C. vulgaris. However, further studies are vital to confirm the changes in the gut microbiota in in vivo, when C. vulgaris is ingested.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.322-331
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• 2017

본 연구는 바실러스, 효모 그리고 유산균으로 발효한 다양한 주스박들과 말 분변을 첨가한 in vitro 발효 시험을 통해 pH, 건물 분해율, 암모니아성 질소, 가스 발생량, 휘발성 지방산의 변화를 조사하였다. 주스박 첨가에 따른 발효액의 pH의 범위는 6.4~7.1로 미생물 발효에 의한 소화가 정상적으로 나타났다. 48시간 후 발효액에서 $10^9CFU/m{\ell}$ 정도 미생물이 증식함에 따라 사용한 주스박들이 장내 미생물에 의한 소화작용에 유용하게 이용될 것으로 판단되었다. 건물 분해율은 배양 12시간 이후부터 증가하여 48시간째에 사과박 39.19%, 포도박 38.22%, 당근박 37.02%, 감귤박 36.2% 그리고 혼합박 34.35%로 나타났다. 암모니아성 질소의 농도는 배양 12시간까지는 전 처리구에서 $1.5mg/100m{\ell}$의 수준이었으며 배양 24시간 이후부터 급격히 증가하였다. 가스 발생량은 혼합박이 가장 낮았으며, 배양 12시간 이후부터 급격히 증가하였다. 총 VFA는 배양 24시간부터 증가하여 48시간에 가장 높았다. 본 연구결과로부터 발효 주스박은 말 in vitro 소화과정에서 적정 pH를 유지하면서 건물 분해가 진행되었고 말의 맹장과 대장에서 섬유소 분해 미생물의 작용이 활발히 이루어질 수 있음을 제시하였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.15-23
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• 2016

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are primarily formed as a result of thermal treatment of food, especially barbecuing or grilling. Contamination by PAHs is due to generation by direct pyrolysis of food nutrients and deposition from smoke produced through incomplete combustion of thermal agents. PAHs are ubiquitous compounds, well-known to be carcinogenic, which can reach the food in different ways. As an important human exposure pathway of contaminants, dietary intake of PAHs is of increasing concern for assessing cancer risk in the human body. In addition, the risks associated with consumption of barbecued meat may increase if consumers use cooking practices that enhance the concentrations of contaminants and their bioaccessibility. Since total PAHs always overestimate the actual amount that is available for absorption by the body, bioaccessibility of PAHs is to be preferred. Bioaccessibility of PAHs in food is the fraction of PAHs mobilized from food matrices during gastrointestinal digestion. An in vitro human digestion model was chosen for assessing the bioaccessibility of PAHs in food as it offers a simple, rapid, low cost alternative to human and animal studies; providing insights which may not be achievable in in vivo studies. Thus, this review aimed not only to provide an overview of general aspects of PAHs such as the formation, carcinogenicity, sources, occurrence, and factors affecting PAH concentrations, but also to enhance understanding of bioaccessibility assessment using an in vitro digestion model.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.200-207
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• 2007

In vitro rumen incubation studies were conducted to determine effects of initial pH on bacterial attachment and fiber digestion. Ruminal fluid pH was adjusted to 5.7, 6.2 and 6.7, and three major fibrolytic bacteria attached to rice straw in the mixed culture were quantified with real-time PCR. The numbers of attached and unattached Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Ruminocococcus albus were lower (p<0.05) at initial pH of 5.7 without significant difference between those at higher initial pH. Lowering incubation media pH to 5.7 also increased bacterial numbers detached from substrate regardless of bacterial species. Dry matter digestibility, gas accumulation and total VFA production were pH-dependent. Unlike bacterial attachment, maintaining an initial pH of 6.7 increased digestion over initial pH of 6.2. After 48 h in vitro rumen fermentation, average increases in DM digestion, gas accumulation, and total VFA production at initial pH of 6.2 and 6.7 were 2.8 and 4.4, 2.0 and 3.0, and 1.2 and 1.6 times those at initial pH of 5.7, respectively. The lag time to reach above 2% DM digestibility at low initial pH was taken more times (8 h) than at high and middle initial pH (4 h). Current data clearly indicate that ruminal pH is one of the important determinants of fiber digestion, which is modulated via the effect on bacterial attachment to fiber substrates.