• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.75-81
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• 2013

In this paper, protection coordination between residual current devices and surge protective devices in low-voltage consumer's distribution systems are presented. In the case that a surge protrctive device(SPD) is located on the load side of an residual current device(RCD), when the surge is injected from the source side of the RCD, most of injected surge currents are split into the RCD and the protection coordination between the SPD and RCD is improper, three of 6 specimens experience unintended operation due to test impulse currents. Also when the surges is injected from the load side, a lot of the surge currents is split into the SPD, but a half of test specimens causes nuisance trip. Coordination between SPD and RCD is not valid. When installing SPD, it is important to select SPD after due consideration of the protection voltage level of metal oxide varistor embedded in RCD. It is expected that the results obtained from this work could be useful to improve the protection effects of SPD in low-voltage distribution systems.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.117-123
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• 2011

Lightning and switching surges propagating through the grounding conductors lead to transient overvoltages, and electronic circuits in information technology systems are very susceptible to damage or malfunction from the electrical surges. Surge damages or malfunctions of electrical and electronic equipment may be caused by potential rises. To solve these problems, it is very important to evaluate the ground surface potential rises and hazardous voltages such as touch and step voltages at or near the grounding systems energized by electrical surges. In this paper, the performance of grounding systems against the surge current containing high frequency components on the basis of the actual-sized tests is presented. The ground surface potential rises and hazardous voltages depending on impulse currents for vertical or horizontal grounding electrodes are measured and analyzed. Also the touch and step voltages caused by the impulse currents are investigated. As a result, the ground surface potential rises, the touch and step voltages near the grounding electrodes are raised and the conventional grounding impedances are increased as the front time of the injected impulse currents is getting faster.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.9 no.4 s.35
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• pp.357-361
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• 2006

This paper dealt with the performance evaluation and the diagnostic techniques of lightning arresters for DC electric traction vehicle. Field Measurements on the protective operation of lightning arresters against surge currents were carried out on running vehicles to acquire the data necessary for the diagnosis. The frequency and the magnitude of surge events were analyzed. Surge currents of $1\sim3$ times were recorded in one running service route and their magnitudes were ranges of $150A\sim2kA$. Also, an acceleration experiment on a lightning arrester by the standard lightning impulse current of 8/20 us and 5 kA was performed to know the aging characteristics. After the surge current application of 3,000 times, the reference voltage decreased by 4.5 %, and the leakage current was below 10 uA at the continuous operating voltage and about 50 uA at the rated voltage. From the experimental results, we propose a decision level of leakage current for the arrester used in this paper and designed an arrester tester which analyzes arrester condition by the magnitude of leakage current.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2003.07b
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• pp.744-746
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• 2003

A ZnO varistor with reference voltage 250V/mm was fabricated through the control of particle size in slurry and the variation of sintering conditions. It was found that to measure the flatness of the V-I characteristic curve in the small-current region and the flatness of the V-I characteristic curve in a large-current region was improved nonlinearity of the fabricated ZnO varistor. According to the IEC 60099-4 was measured the accelerated aging test and high current test of the distribution class surge varistor which is excellent in respect to the property of ZnO varistor.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.100-108
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• 2008

The transient ground impedance depending on configuration, size, and material of grounding electrodes as well as the shapes of impulse currents, has a significant affect on the performance of the grounding system. This paper presents experimental results in regard to the analysis method of transient ground impedance using the lightning impulse and variable frequency currents. Also a new estimation method to replace the effective surge impedance for transient ground impedance was proposed. The ground electrodes used in this experiment are virtual ground electrodes including both resistance and inductance components, carbon ground electrode with 1[m] length, copper electrode with 9[m] length and counterpoise with 40[m] length. Ground impedances using the proposed method were measured respectively. Comparing with the ground impedance using variable frequency current the conventional ground impedance($Z_1$) calculated from the peak values of impulse voltage and impulse current is observed more correct method for evaluating the performance of ground electrode than the effective surge impedance.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.57 no.10
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• pp.1822-1828
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• 2008

This paper presents design parameter calculation methodology and its realization to construction for the 10/350${\mu}s$ lightning impulse current generator(ICG) modelled as double exponential function waveform with characteristic parameters ${\alpha},{\beta}$. Matlab internal function, "fzero" was applied to find ${\lambda}={\alpha}/{\beta}$ which is solution of nonlinear equation linearly related with two wave parameter $T_1$ and $T_2$. The calculation results for 10/350${\mu}s$ lightning impulse current show very good accuracy with error less 0.03%. Two type of 10/350${\mu}s$ ICGs based on the calculated design circuit parameters were fabricated by considering the load variation. One is applicable to the MOV based Surge protective device(SPD) for less 15 kA and the other is to test small resistive devices such as spark gap arrester and bonding device with maximum current capability 30 kA. The tested waveforms show error within 10% in comparison with the designed estimation and the waveform tolerance recommended in the IEC 61643-1 and IEC 60060-1.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.317-322
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• 2015

The metal oxide varistor (MOV) is a major component of the surge protection devices (SPDs) currently in use. The device is judged to be faulty when fatigue caused by the continuous inflow of lightning accumulates and reaches the damage limit. In many cases, induced lightning resulting from lightning strikes flows in to the device several times per second in succession. Therefore, the frequency or the rate at which the SPD is actually exposed to stress, called a surge, is outside the range of human perception. For this reason, the protective device should be replaced if it actually approaches the end of its life even though it is not faulty at present, currently no basis exists for making the judgment of remaining lifetime. Up to now, the life of an MOV has been predicted solely based on the number of inflow surges, irrespective of the magnitude of the surge current or the amount of energy that has flowed through the device. In this study, nonlinear data that shows the damage to an MOV depending on the count of surge and the amount of input current were collected through a high-voltage test. Then, a failure prediction algorithm was proposed by preparing a look-up table using the results of the test. The proposed method was experimentally verified using an impulse surge generator

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.44-50
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• 2005

This paper deals with the characteristics and reduction methods of the plasma luminosity caused between the ZnO surge arrester block and metal electrodes. In this study, the impulse current generator that can generate $8/20[{\mu}s]$ impulse currents with a peak short-circuit of 10[kA] is designed and fabricated. Plasma luminosity phenomena for fine and used ZnO blocks were observed as a function of the contact states between the ZnO block and electrodes and the polarity of applied impulse voltages. As a result, discharge luminous events are produced near the contact edges between the ZnO block and metal electrodes. The discharge plasma luminosity between the ZnO surge arrester block and low potential electrode is more intensive than that between the ZnO surge arrester block and high potential electrode. Surface flashover of ZnO blocks are mainly caused by plasma generation near the edge of metal electrode. Also, plasma luminosity for the fine ZnO blocks is less than that for the used ZnO blocks. Plasma luminosity at the contact of the ZnO block and ring-type electrode is more intensive than that at the contact of ZnO block and disk electrode. It is desirable to use the disk electrode with the proper contact area to reduce the plasma luminosity caused at the contact point between the ZnO block and electrodes.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.118-124
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• 2007

This paper presents the effects of the injected number and amplitude of impulse current on the service life of ZnO varistors for low voltages. To analyze the effects of lightning impulse currents on the performance of ZnO varistors, the measurements of resistive leakage current and power dissipation at the power frequency ac voltage before and after the injections of the $8/20[{\mu}s]$ impulse currents were made. As a consequence, the duration and amplitude of resistive leakage current flowing through ZnO varistor were increased with increasing the number of injections of the $8/20[{\mu}s]$ impulse currents. It is desirable that the service life of ZnO varistors should be evaluated as a function of the number and amplitude of lightning impulse current.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2002.07b
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• pp.890-893
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• 2002

Since 1970s, varistors using metal-oxide resistors have been applied to Gapless surge arresters for power system. In the paper, the structure of metal-oxide surge arresters without gaps for 362kV GIS which is developed the first in korea has been introduced. And the main evaluation items for the metal-oxide resistors which are reference voltage test, residual voltage test, long duration current impulse withstand test and operating duty test is tested and evaluated.