• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.3 s.260
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• pp.208-213
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• 2006

Background: The prevalence of anastomotic complication is related to anastomotic procedure or site in esophageal cancer operation. We studied the anastomotic leakage and stricture related to the anastomotic procedure & site in patients who received the esophageal resection and reconstruction for esophageal cancer. Material and Method: The anastomotic procedure, site and complication of 321 patients who received the esophageal reconstruction from August 1993 to May 2003 were investigated. Mean age was 64.5$\pm$4.9 (37${\~}$94) years, 300 patients ($93.5\%$) were male and 21 patients were female ($6.5\%$). Result: There were 7 anastomotic leakages ($2.2\%$) and no difference in anastomotic site (cervical anastomosis $4.1\%$, thoracic anastomosis $1.6\%$) and procedure (stapler technique $1.6\%$, semi-staple technique $9.1\%$, hand-sewn technique $0.0\%$). There were 52 anastomotic strictures ($16.2\%$), differences in sites (cervical anastomosis $2.7\%$, thoracic anastomosis $20.2\%$) (p < 0.001) and procedure (stapler technique $20.0\%$, semi-stapler technique $3.0\%$, hand-sewn technique $4.7\%$). And the stapler technique showed higher stricture rate (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Anastomotic technique was less related to anastomotic leakage in esophageal reconstruction for esophageal cancer. However, stapler technique had higher stricture rate than other techniques. Therefore, we suggest that the anastomotic technique be improved to reduce anastomotic stricture.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.781-789
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• 1999

Background: Pulmonary artery banding(PAB) accompanies some risks in the aspect of band complications and mortality in the second-stage operation. To assess these risks of the second-stage operation after PAB, we reviewed the surgical results of the second-stage operation in the pediatric patients who had undergone PAB in infancy. Material and Method: From May 1988 to June 1997, a total of 29 patients with preliminary PAB underwent open heart surgery. Ages ranged from 2 to 45 months(mean 20.6$\pm$9.0 months). Preoperative congestive heart failure conditions were improved after PAB(elective operation group) in 27 patients, but early second-stage procedures were required in the remaining 2 patients due to sustaining congestive heart failure(early operation group). Preoperative surgical indications included 2 double outlet right ventricles(DORV group) and 27 ventricular septal defects as the main cardiac anomaly(VSD group). Result: The mean time interval from PAB to the second-stage operation was 15.5$\pm$8.7 months(range 5 days to 45 months). One patient in the DORV group underwent intraventricular tunnel repair and modified Glenn procedure in the other. In the VSD group, the VSD was closed with a Dacron patch in all patients. Concomitant procedures included a right ventricular infundibulectomy in 4 patients and a valvectomy of the dysplastic pulmonary valve in 1 patient. At the second-stage operations, pulmonary angioplasty was required due to the stenotic banding sites in 18 patients. One patient underwent complete ligation of the main pulmonary artery with the modified Glenn procedure. The mortality at the second-stage operation was 17.2%(5 patients). Causes of death were 4 low cardiac output, and 1 autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Diagnosis with DORV and the early operative group were the risk factors for operative death in this series. There was 1 late death. Conclusion: This study revealed the second-stage operation for pulmonary artery debanding and closure of VSD in children was complicated by the correction of the acquired lesions with a significantly high incidence of morbidity and early postoperative deaths. Primary repair is recommended for isolated VSD, if possible.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.410-415
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• 2004

Background: In the operation for coronary artery stenosis, the procedures for mitral regurgitation are restricted to cases of more than moderate mitral regurgitation or for the lesions in leaflets. This is based on the belief that the less than mild regurgitation are a form of reversible change results from ischemia with coronary artery stenosis. We studied the changes and prognostic factors of mitral regurgitation in patients with coronary artery stenosis and mitral regurgitation who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery alone. Material and Method: We reviewed the medical records of 90 patients with coronary artery stenosis and mitral regurgitation who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery alone by a single surgeon from Jan. 1995 to Dec. 2002, We grouped the patients according to the postoperative changes of mitral regurgitation, and then we statistically compared the findings of echocardiogram between preoperative and last follow up. Result: There were 24 cases with progression of mitral regurgitation, 12 cases without changes, 54 cases with improvements of mitral regurgitation in total 90 patients. The bypass to LAD was proven as the significant prognostic factor of mitral regurgitation. The preoperative end diastolic left ventricular volume index were higher in aggravated group with 105.38$\pm$38.89 $m\ell$ compared to 71.75$\pm$28,45 $m\ell$ in improvement group, and 84.00$\pm$11.66 $m\ell$ in no change group. The grade of preoperative mitral regurgitation did not show significant differences among the groups. Conclusion: The mitral regurgitation in patient with coronary artery stenosis can be improved after the coronary artery bypass surgery alone. However, the expectation of improvements based on the degree of preparative mitral regurgitation can not be justified, therefore, the procedures for mitral regurgitation should be aggressively considered even in the cases of mild mitral regurgitation. Also, further study should be performed to identify the exact prognostic factors of mitral regurgitation including the left ventricular volume index, and whether the left anterior descending artery has been bypassed.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.139-143
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• 2006

Virion captured reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (VC/RT-PCR) could detect plant virus quickly and accurately. In the VC/RT-PCR, no antibody is needed unlike immuno-captured RT-PCR (IC/RT-PCR) which had been improved method of RT-PCR for plant viruses, and virus nucleic acids can be obtained easily within 30minutes by property of polypropylene PCR tube which is hold and immobilized viral particles on its surface. For the virion capture of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), the extraction buffer was tested. The optimum macerating buffer for TSWV was 0.01M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, containing 0.5% sodium sulfite. The viral crude sap was incubated for 30 min at $4^{\circ}C$. The virions in the PCR tubes were washed two times with 0.01M PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20. The washed virions were treated at $95^{\circ}C$ immediately for 1 min containing RNase free water and chilled quickly in the ice. Disclosed virions' RNAs by heat treatment were used for RT-PCR. Dilution end point of $10^{-5}$ from plant's crude sap infected with TSWV showed relatively higher detection sensitivity for VC/RT-PCR. During multiple detection using two or more primers, interference was arisen by interactions between primer-primer and plant species. The result of multiplex RT-PCR was influenced by combinations of primers and the kind of plant, and the optimum extraction buffer for the multiplex detection by VC/RT-PCR should be developed.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 2005

Purpose: The objective of this study was to assess attenuation correction algorithms with the $^{137}Cs$ point source for the brain positron omission tomography (PET) imaging process. Materials & Methods: Four different types of phantoms were used in this study for testing various types of the attenuation correction techniques. Transmission data of a $^{137}Cs$ point source were acquired after infusing the emission source into phantoms and then the emission data were subsequently acquired in 3D acquisition mode. Scatter corrections were performed with a background tail-fitting algorithm. Emission data were then reconstructed using iterative reconstruction method with a measured (MAC), elliptical (ELAC), segmented (SAC) and remapping (RAC) attenuation correction, respectively. Reconstructed images were then both qualitatively and quantitatively assessed. In addition, reconstructed images of a normal subject were assessed by nuclear medicine physicians. Subtracted images were also compared. Results: ELEC, SAC, and RAC provided a uniform phantom image with less noise for a cylindrical phantom. In contrast, a decrease in intensity at the central portion of the attenuation map was noticed at the result of the MAC. Reconstructed images of Jaszack and Hoffan phantoms presented better quality with RAC and SAC. The attenuation of a skull on images of the normal subject was clearly noticed and the attenuation correction without considering the attenuation of the skull resulted in artificial defects on images of the brain. Conclusion: the complicated and improved attenuation correction methods were needed to obtain the better accuracy of the quantitative brain PET images.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.413-421
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• 1999

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO-labelled leucocyte scintigraphy for diagnosing prosthetic infection after total knee replacement arthroplasty without the aid of following bone marrow scintigraphy Materials and Methods: The study subjects were 25 prostheses of 17 patients (one man and 16 women, mean age. 65 years) who had total knee replacement arthroplasty. After injection of $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO-labelled leucocyte, the whole body planar and knee SPECT images were obtained in all patients. The subjects were classified into three groups according to clinical suspicion of prosthetic infection. Group A (n=11) with high suspicion of infection; Group B (n=6) with equivocal suspicion of infection, and Group C (n=8) with asymptomatic contralateral prostheses. Final diagnosis of infection was based on surgical, histological and bacteriological data and clinical follow-up. Results: Infection was confirmed in 13 prostheses (11 in Group A and 2 in Group B). All prostheses in Group A were true positive. There were two true positives, one false positive and three true negatives in Group B, and six true negatives and two false positives in Group C. Overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for diagnosis of the infected knee prosthesis were 100%, 75% and 88%, respectively Conclusion: $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO-labelled leucocyte scintigraphy is a sensitive method for the diagnosis of infected knee prosthesis. However, false positive uptakes even in asymptomatic prosthesis suggest that bone marrow scintigraphy may be needed to achieve improved specificity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.163-175
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was to find out the utilization status of Korean rice-cakes and the evaluation degrees of their commercial products by subjects. The subjects were 530 housewives lived in Seoul, Deajeon, Youngju city, and Secheon khun. We conducted this survey from November 16 to 28, 1987 by questionnaire method. The results obtained can be summarized as follows; 1. In the subjects' home, 37 kinds of Korean rice-cakes were used. All of them, Inchelmi (67.9%), Songpyeon (66.6%), Whinddeg (51.4%) and Gaepiddeg (43.4%) were frequently used. 2. All of ceremonial days, Korean rice-cakes were used most frequently on the wedding day but they were used scarecely on the funeral day. 3. On the birth day of children and adults, cakes were used more frequently than Korean rice-cakes. 4. All of Korean festival days, Korean rice-cakes were used most frequently on New Year's day. 5. In the future, most housewives (61.7%) hoped to make the Korean rice cakes of themselves at home. 6. Convenience (65.8%) was the most favored cause purchasing the commercial products but many housewives (44.3%) wanted to make the Korean rice-cakes of themselves at home. 7. All the quality properties of commercial products, taste and color property were favored and price, package, storage and hygienic property were poorly evaluated by housewives. 8. The evaluation about color property of commercial products were affected by resident place variable of housewives (P<0.05) and hygienic property were affected by resident place and academic career variable of housewives significantly (P<0.01). And package property of them was affected by dwelling house type significantly. (P<0.05) 9. Housewives indicated that commercial products were improved hygienic property (37.0%), price (23.8%), package (15.6%), taste (11.1%), storage (10.1%) and color (2.4%) in order.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.217-226
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• 2015

This study was conducted to establish a standardized process for developing food safety health indicators. With this aim, we proposed a standardized process, accessed the validity of the suggested process by performing simulations, and provided a method to utilize the indicators. Developing process for domestic environmental health indicators was benchmarked to propose a standardized process for developing food safety health indicators, and DPSEEA framework was applied to the development of indicators. The suggested standardized process consists of an exploitation stage and a management stage. In the exploitation stage, a total of 6 procedures (initial indicators suggestion, candidate indicators selection, data availability assessment, feasibility assessment, pilot study, and final indicator selection) are conducted, and the indicators are routinely calculated and officially announced in the management stage. The exploitation stage is operated by an interaction between a task force team who manages the overall process, and an advisory committee (minimum of 4 in academia, 2 in research, 4 in specialists of Ministry of Food and Drug Safety) who reviews and performs evaluations on the indicators. The standardized process was simulated with 45 initial indicators, and total of 4 indicators (17 detailed indicators) were selected: 'Proportion of domestic fruit/vegetable receiving 'acceptable' in the evaluation of pesticide/herbicide residues', 'Food-borne disease outbreaks', 'Food-borne legal infectious disease incidence', 'Salmonellosis incidence'. Synthetic food safety health index was derived by calculating percent difference with the data from 2010 to 2012. Results showed that when comparing the year 2010 to 2011, and 2011 to 2012, the overall food safety status improved by 10.37% and 9.87%, respectively. In addition, the contribution of indicators to the overall food safety status can be determined by looking into the individual indicators, and the synthetic index may be illustrated to enhance the ease of interpretation to the public and policy makers. In overall, food health safety indicators can be useful in many ways and therefore, attention should be drawn to conduct further studies and establish related legislations.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.124-131
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• 2004

Purpose: To validate and introduce the technique of the arthroscopic repair for the treatment of the Subscapulris tendon tear. Materials and Methods: From April 2003 to April 2004, Arthroscopic repairs were performed in 8 patient with subscapularis tendon tear. The mean follow-up period was 11months. two cases involved only subscaplaris tendon tear. Four cases were associated small sized posterosuperir. rotator cuff tear and two cases were in large size. The type of subscapularis tendon showed upper portion full-thickness tear in 6 cases, partial-thickness tear localized at articular surface in 1 case, complete tear in 1 case. The results were analyzed by using subjective satisfaction, inferior movenent of superior displaced humeral head, Constant-Murley functional scoring Results: Constant-Murley scoring was improved from 55 point preoperatively to 75 point postoperatively following 11 months. Mean score was 71 point except 2 cases of large superoposterior rotator cuff tear, Most humeral heads were distaracted postoperatively. The subjective result for the 8 shoulders were very satisfying in 5 cases, satisfying in 1 case and dissatisfying in 2 cases. Therefore satisfactory results were noted in 6 cases (75%) of this overall treatment group. Conclusion: The arthroscopic repair for the subscapularis tendon tear is thought to be available method, which could reduce severe complications following the weakness of deltoid muscle and postoperative pain. Especially Partial Subscapularis tear not associated with superoposterior rotator cuff tear including PASTA lesion was the sutable indication of the Arthroscopic repair.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.2
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• pp.187-195
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• 1990

The following conclusions have been obtained with special reference to the walnut marketing system in Cheonwongun districts 1. The marketing channel of walnut in the producing areas was mainly depended on the individual selling by 89.58%. and sale through farmer's coops and forest owner's association by 10.42%, and share of walnut through fatmer's coops was 84.58%. 2. The market structure in assembling stage of walnut can be represented as oligopoly considering the market share of 86.26% derived by CR3 method. 3. Direct selling from producers to consumers would be recommendable to reduce marketing margin considering the 77.20% of sale's dependency on assembler-commisioner. 4. Two major reasons to follow the marketing channel of assembler-commissioner were the convieniency (45.00%) and dealing with small quantity of walnut (20.00%). Let the walnut producers follow the institutional marketing channels such as farmer's coops and forest owner s association, special actions including better conveniency, smaller quantity and the procedures should be improved. 5. Farmer's share of walnut was estimated as 54.93% and total marketing margin was 45.0% of which 36.70% destined to the retail stage. 6. The price index in November was the lowest(83.63) due to the flood and hunger sale and the index in April was the highest(115.74). To cope with the severe price fluctuation and to stabilize seasonal walnut price, sale's in advance, credit supply and provision of storage facilities must be considered in policy-making decision for forest farmers.