• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.169-173
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• 2009

Ginsan, a Panax ginseng polysaccharide that contains glucopyranoside and fructofuranoside, has immunomodulatory effects. Although several biologic studies of ginsan have been performed, its effects on dendritic cells (DCs), which are antigen-presenting cells of the immune system, have not been studied. We investigated the immunomodulatory effects of ginsan on DCs. Ginsan had little effect on DC viability, even when used at high concentrations. Ginsan markedly increased the levels of production by DCs of IL-12 and TNF-${\alpha}$, as measured by ELISA. To examine the maturation-inducing activity of ginsan, we measured the surface expression levels of the maturation markers MHC class II and CD86 (B7.2) on DCs. It is interesting that ginsan profoundly enhanced the expression of CD86 on DC surfaces, whereas it increased that of MHC class II only marginally. In $^3H$-thymidine incorporation assays, ginsan-treated DCs stimulated significantly higher proliferation of allogeneic $CD4^+$ T lymphocytes than did medium-treated DCs. Taken together, our data demonstrate that ginsan stimulates DCs by inducing maturation. Because DCs are critical antigen-presenting cells in immune responses, this study provides valuable information on the activities of ginsan.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.462-470
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• 2011

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) actively suppress immune cells and have been considered as an impediment to successful cancer immunotherapy. Many approaches have been made to overcome such immunosuppressive factors and to exert effective anti-tumor effects, but the possibility of using medicinal plants for this purpose has been overlooked. Korean red ginseng (KRG) is widely known to possess a variety of pharmacological properties, including immunoboosting and anti-tumor activities. However, little has been done to assess the anti-tumor activity of KRG on MDSCs. Therefore, we examined the effects of KRG on MDSCs in tumor-bearing mice and evaluated immunostimulatory and anti-tumor activities of KRG through MDSC modulation. The data show that intraperitoneal administration of KRG compromises MDSC function and induces T cell proliferation and the secretion of IL-2 and IFN-${\gamma}$, while it does not exhibit direct cytotoxicity on tumor cells and reduced MDSC accumulation. MDSCs isolated from KRG-treated mice also express significantly lower levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and IL-10 accompanied by a decrease in nitric oxide production compared with control. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that KRG enhances T cell function by inhibiting the immunosuppressive activity of MDSCs and suggests that although KRG alone does not exhibit direct anti-tumor effects, the use of KRG together with conventional chemo- or immunotherapy may provide better outcomes to cancer patients through MDSC modulation.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2015

This study was conducted to isolate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from dog intestine and identify potential probiotic strains for canine use. One hundred and one LAB were isolated from feces of 20 healthy dogs. Acid, bile, and heat resistance along with adherence to Caco-2 cells and antimicrobial activity against pathogens were examined. To analyze immunomodulative effects, the production of nitric oxide (NO), TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-$1{\beta}$ was measured using RAW 264.7 macrophages. Additionally, RAW BLUE cells were used to evaluate nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$) generation. Ultimately, three strains were selected as canine probiotics and identified as Lactobacillus reuteri L10, Enterococcus faecium S33, and Bifidobacterium longum B3 by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The L10 and S33 strains showed tolerance to pH 2.5 for 2 h, 1.0% Oxgall for 2 h, and $60^{\circ}C$ for 5 min. These strains also had strong antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli KCTC 1682, Salmonella Enteritidis KCCM 12021, Staphylococcus aureus KCTC 1621, and Listeria monocytogenes KCTC 3569. All three strains exerted better immunomodulatory effects than Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), a well-known commercial immunomodulatory strain, based on NO, NF-${\kappa}B$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and TNF-${\alpha}$ production. These results suggested that the three selected strains could serve as canine probiotics.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.635-643
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• 2012

As an appraisal for the application of a new starter culture, more than 200 lactic acid bacteria strains were isolated from raw milk and healthy human feces. The strains showing excellent growth and acid production ability in 10% skim milk media were selected and identified as Lactobacillus casei based on the results of their API carbohydrate fermentation patterns, as well as 16S rDNA sequence analysis. To assess the effect of L. casei strains on irritable bowel disease (IBD), the inhibitory effect of the selected strains against the nitric oxide (NO) production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells was measured. Among the tested L. casei strains, L. casei MCL was observed to have the greatest NO inhibitory activity. Additionally, L. casei MCL was found to inhibit mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$), as well as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) involved in pathophysiologic processes such as inflammation. The mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-10 and transforming growth factor-$1{\beta}$ (TGF-${\beta}$) of L. casei MCL, was confirmed using quantitative real-time PCR. In conclusion, L. casei MCL showed decreases in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulated expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2000년도 제17차 정기총회 및 학술발표
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• pp.81-84
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• 2000

Effects of different photoperiod regimens on the cellular and humoral immunity in broiler chickens were studied(Exp 1). Total one hundred ninety two one-day-old commercial broiler chicks(Cobb$\times$Cobb) were raised between constant lighting(CL) and intermittent lighting (1h light: 3h darkness(IL; 1l; 3D) Body weight, feed intake and feed conversion were measured for seven week. Peripheral blood and splenic lymphocyte activities were tested at 3 and 5 wk of age by performing a mitogen cellproliferation assay with a polyclonal T-cell mitogen, concanavalin A (Con A), and B-cell mitogen, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To investigate the effect of photoperiod on the humoral immunity, chicks were immunized with sheep red blood cell(SRBC) and iinactivated Newcastle disease virus(NDV) vaccine. Total immunoglobulin G(IgG) concentration was also determined. Diurnal change of melatonin was tested in sera. In experiment 2, 0.1ml melatonin were subcutaneously injected from three to five weeks old if immunomodulation effect of lighting regimen was due to the melatonin or not. Injections of melatonin were made at 0700h and the dosage was 10ng (M2), 100ng(M3), 1$\mu\textrm{g}$(M4) per bird daily, respectively. control were quivalent injections of vehicle(M1). Lymphocyte activities were tested and humoral immunities were examined at 5 weeks of age. Blood melatonin concentration was determined at 0h, 1, h, 2h, and 3h posterior to injection at five weeks old. It was higher in CL chicks than IL chickens during the subsequent period of 3 to 5 wk of age. However, weight gain of chicks raised IL were significantly higher at 6 wk of age than CL(P<0.05). Antibody response to NDV was not affected by both photoperiod regimens and melatonin injection, whereas anti-SRMB titer and IgG concentration were enhanced. Lymphocyte activity of chickens raised under IL was sighificantly higher than those of chickens raised under CL. Melatonin injection also increased lymphocyte activity. When peripheral blood lymphocytes were used, proliferation response to LPS and Con A were significantly increased in M2 and respectively. The results of this experiments suggest that IL improved host immune response and melatonin have immunomodulatory roles.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제24권2호통권77호
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• pp.142-148
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• 1996

고등균류 균사체에 대한 면역조절기능과 항알레르기성 물질을 탐색하기 위해서 우선 단백다당류를 추출 회수해서 몇 가지 관련된 실험을 수행하였다. 면역감수성이 우수한 BALB/C 마우스를 통해서 적혈구 응집과 용혈반응, 항체생산능을 확인하기 위해서 PFC와 RFC실험, 마크로파아지와 임파구 세포들의 탐식능력 실험을 수행한바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 탐식능의 결과는 상황버섯(Phellinus igniarius), 장수버섯(Fomitella fraxinea), 버들송이(Agrocybe cylindracea), 균사다당체 모두가 복강탐식세포, 말초임파구, 비장의 식세포에 대해서 유의성 있는 식작용을 확인했다 상황은 복강식세포, 버들송이는 비장식세포에 대해서 식작용을 활성화시키는 결과를 나타냈다. 2. PFC와 RFC의 실험결과에서도 대조군에 비해 시료를 투여한 실험군에서 면역세포가 상황 130%, 장수 90%, 버들송이 70% 정도로 증강된 활성을 보였다. 3. 용혈소가와 응집소가는 전반적으로 대조군에 비해 균사단백다당체가 $2{\sim}3$배의 높은 값을 보였다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.441-450
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• 2023

Objective: Serum amyloid A3 (SAA3), an acute phase response protein, plays important roles in opsonization, antimicrobial activity, chemotactic activity, and immunomodulation, but its expression, regulation, and function at the maternal-conceptus interface in pigs are not fully understood. Therefore, we determined the expression of SAA3 in the endometrium throughout the estrous cycle and at the maternal-conceptus interface during pregnancy. Methods: Endometrial tissues from pigs at various stages of the estrous cycle and pregnancy and with conceptuses derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), conceptus tissues during early pregnancy, and chorioallantoic tissues during mid- to late pregnancy were obtained and the expression of SAA3 was analyzed. The effects of the steroid hormones, interleukin-1β (IL1B), and interferon-γ (IFNG) on the expression of SAA3 were determined in endometrial explant cultures. Results: SAA3 was expressed in the endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy, with the highest level on day 12 of pregnancy. The expression of SAA3 in the endometrium was significantly higher on day 12 of pregnancy than during the estrous cycle. Early-stage conceptuses and chorioallantoic tissues during mid to late pregnancy also expressed SAA3. The expression of SAA3 was primarily localized to luminal epithelial cells in the endometrium. In endometrial explant cultures, the expression of SAA3 was induced by increasing doses of IL1B and IFNG. Furthermore, the expression of SAA3 decreased significantly in the endometria of pigs carrying conceptuses derived from SCNT on day 12 of pregnancy. Conclusion: These results suggest that the expression of SAA3 in the endometrium during the implantation period increases in response to conceptus-derived IL1B and IFNG. The failure of those appropriate interactions between the implanting conceptus and the endometrium leads to dysregulation of endometrial SAA3 expression, which could result in pregnancy failure. In addition, SAA3 could be a specific endometrial epithelial marker for conceptus implantation in pigs.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.96-104
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• 2017

To obtain the immunomodulating polysaccharide from chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus sclerotia, IO), crude polysac- charide fractions (IO-M-CP and IO-CP, respectively) prepared from hot-water extract (IO-W) of I. obliquus by EtOH precipitation after MeOH reflux or not. After IO-W was re-dissolved in water followed by EtOH addition in the case without MeOH reflux, EtOH mixture was fractionated into EtOH-soluble (IO-E) and crude polysaccharide (IO-CP). In the meanwhile, MeOH-soluble fraction (IO-M) was separated from IO-W after MeOH reflux. The residue was dissolved in water and was added by EtOH, and then EtOH mixture was also fractionation into EtOH-soluble (IO-M-E) and crude polysaccharide (IO-M-CP). As a result of the macrophage stimulating activity of these fractions, IO-CP and IO-M-CP showed significantly increased cell proliferation and cytokines production than IO-W. Particularly, IO-M-CP promotes the production of IL-12 more than IO-CP. In the splenocytes proliferating activity and intestinal immune system modulating activity through Peyer's patch, both of 2 crude polysaccharide fractions were significantly promoted in cell proliferation and cytokines production than IO-W, and IO-M-CP was more potent than IO-CP in IL-2 production from splenocytes and GM-CSF production ($10{\mu}g/mL$) in Peyer's patch cells. In addition, immunomodulating polysaccharide fractions (IO-M-CP and IO-CP) prepared from IO-W by EtOH precipitation with or without EtOH reflux showed no significant difference in the chemical composition and component sugar. These results suggested that MeOH reflux might exclude low-molecular weight materials from IO-W and consequently increase the immunomodulating activity of IO-M-CP. Therefore, it was confirmed that immunomodulation of polysaccharide prepared from hot-water extract of chaga mushroom was enhanced by fractionation including MeOH reflux and EtOH precipitation.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권8호
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• pp.1099-1106
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• 2016

본 연구는 꾸지뽕 잎으로부터 추출된 다당류인 CTP의 처리가 면역세포의 활성에 미치는 영향에 관하여 평가하였다. CTP는 에탄올 침전법에 의하여 추출하였고, 면역 활성능의 평가는 대식세포주인 RAW 264.7 세포와 미분화 골수세포로부터 유도 분화시킨 대식세포 및 마우스 비장으로부터 유리시킨 비장세포에 CTP를 농도별로 처리하여 관찰하였다. 선천면역계에서 중요한 역할을 수행하는 대식세포에 CTP를 처리하였을 때 세포 증식률, NO 및 cytokine 분비능이 CTP 처리 농도 의존적으로 증가하는 것으로 관찰되었을 뿐만 아니라 비장세포에서도 이와 유사하게 세포 증식률이 증가하고 Th 1 type의 cytokine 분비능 또한 유의적으로 증가하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 이상의 결과로 미루어보아 꾸지뽕다당류 추출물인 CTP는 다양한 면역세포의 활성을 증가시키는 것으로 생각하며 이를 활용하여 다양한 식품 및 건강보조식품을 개발한다면 그 경제적 가치가 매우 클 것으로 생각한다.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.143-149
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• 1987

본 실험에서는 가토에서 배반포가 자궁내막에 착상할 때, 모체의 면역기능의 변화를 알아보고, 착상시 관여하는 호르몬과 모체의 면역기능과의 연관성을 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 임신 7일째 가토의 말초혈관 림프구에 concanavalin A를 처리하면, 임신하지 않은 가토의 림프구보다 훨씬 낮은 자극지수를 나타냄으로써 면역억제 현상이 나타나는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 2. 임신 7일 때의 혈청 progesterone농도인 11.56 ng/ml을 임신하지 않는 가토의 말초혈관 림프구에 처리하면, 억제현상을 나타내지 않았으나, Progesterone의 농도가 1000 ng/ml 이상에서는 농도에 비례하여 림프구의 활성도가 감소되었다. 3. 4.5 ng/ml${\sim}$4,500 ng/ml의 $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$는 concanavalin A처리시 림프구의 활성도에 별다른 영향을 끼치지 않았으나, PGE는 4.5 ng/ml${\sim}$4,500 ng/ml에서 농도에 비례하여 림프구의 활성도를 유의하게 감소시켰다. 그러나 임신 제 8일째의 말초혈관 림프구에 prostaglandin 합성 억제제인 indomethacin 0.1 또는 $1\;{\mu}g/ml$을 처리하면 억제되었던 림프구 활성도가 각각28%, 23% 증가되었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 토끼의 착상기간중 모체의 면역기능이 저하되며 PGE가 착상기간중 면역기능을 저하시키는 요소중 하나인 것으로 생각된다.