• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.248-254
• /
• 1986

Effects of vinblastine(VLB) and vincristine(VCR) on cell-mediated immunity(CMI) were studied with the microcytotoxicity test(MCT) after normal or pre-sensitized Balb/c mice had been treated in vivo with a combination of two different doses of VLB or VCR(single dose of 20% and 60% $LD_{50}$, i.p.) at different times (from day -6 to day +4) plus allo-transplantation antigen(allo-TA, cells from C3H mice at day 0). The results were that $LD_{50}$ of VLB for female Balb/c mouse was 7.3mg/kg body weight (i.p.) and $LD_{50}$ of VCR was 4.3mg/kg body weight and that VLB and VCR acted as immunosuppressive agents on the primary CMI when administered after allo-TA(antigen-drug-phase), but showed no effect when administered prior to allo-TA(drug-antigen-phase). Change of doses of VLB and VCR(20% $LD_{50}$, 60% $LD_{50}$) caused quantitative or qualitative variations in the immunomodulating effects of these two drugs. Neither VLB nor VCR had any immunomodulating effect on the secondary CMI. Lastly, the results support that the four parameters (type of drug, sensitization status, time of drug treatment in relation to antigen injection, and drug dosis) are significant for the effects of the VLB and VCR on the CMI, and that VLB and VCR may inhibit the proliferation of antigen-stimulated T effector lymphocytes but not memory-cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.24 no.2 s.77
• /
• pp.142-148
• /
• 1996

To find compounds of immunomodulating and anti-allergic function, effects of protein-bound polysaccharides extracted from Phellinus igniarius (PI), Fomitella fraxinea (FF) and Agrocybe cylindracea (AC) on hemagglutinin titer (HA), hemolysin titer (HY), plaque forming cell (PFC), rosette forming cell (RFC) and phagocytosis were investigated in BALB/C mice. The oral administration of the protein-bound polysaccharides of PI, FF and AC for 10 days resulted in the enhanced phagocytic activity of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC), spleen cells (SC) and blood lymphocyte cells (BLC). Moreover, PI showed the activating effect on the phagocytosis of PEC and AC in SC. In the experiment of PFC and RFC, the results of the experimental group which was given each samples as compared to the control group, showed the enhanced level of activity such as PI 130%, FF 90% and AC 70%. Generally, HY and HA showed from ten to hundred times of level in each sample groups, as compared to the control group.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.19 no.11
• /
• pp.1617-1622
• /
• 2009

Optium conditions for the production of mycelia and extracellular polysaccharide (EXPS) from submerged mycelial culture of Inonotus obliquus and their immunomodulating activities were investigated. The optmium production of mycelia and EXPS from I. obliquus was observed in mushroom complete medium (MCM). The optimum pH, temperature, and agitation speed for the production of mycelia and EXPS were 5.5, $25^{\circ}C$, and 150 rpm, respectively. The culture period for maximum production of mycelia (10.89 g/l) and EXPS (1.25 g/l) in shake flask cultivation was 11 days. The anticomplementary activity of intracellular polysaccharide (INPS) and EXPS form I. obliquus increased in a dose-dependent manner. Lysosomal enzyme activity of EXPS and INPS increased by 2.0- and 2.2-fold at $100{\mu}g/ml$ concentration, respectively, compared to the control group.

• Mycobiology
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.144-148
• /
• 2010

$\beta$-Glucans have been known to exhibit antitumor activities by potentiating host immunity by an unknown mechanism. The C-type lectin dectin-1, a $\beta$-glucan receptor, is found on the macrophage and can recognize various $\beta$-glucans. Previously, we demonstrated the presence of $\beta$-glucan receptor, dectin-1, on the Raw 264.7 cells as well as on murine mucosal organs, such as the thymus, the lung, and the spleen. In order to investigate immunopotentiation of innate immunity by $\beta$-glucan, we stimulated a murine macrophage Raw 264.7 cell line with $\beta$-glucans from Pleurotus ostreatus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Laminaria digitata. Then, we analyzed cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$ and interleukin (IL)-6 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition we analyzed gene expression patterns in $\beta$-glucan-treated Raw 264.7 cells by applying total mRNA to cDNA microarray to investigate the expression of 7,000 known genes. When stimulated with $\beta$-glucans, the macrophage cells increased TNF-$\alpha$ expression. When co-stimulation of the cells with $\beta$-glucan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a synergy effect was observed by increased TNF-$\alpha$ expression. In IL-6 expression, any of the $\beta$-glucans tested could not induce IL-6 expression by itself. However, when co-stimulation occurred with $\beta$-glucan and LPS, the cells showed strong synergistic effects by increased IL-6 expression. Chip analysis showed that $\beta$-glucan of P. ostreatus increased gene expressions of immunomodulating gene families such as kinases, lectin associated genes and TNF-related genes in the macrophage cell line. Induction of TNF receptor expression by FACS analysis was synergized only when co-stimulated with $\beta$-glucan and LPS, not with $\beta$-glucan alone. From these data, $\beta$-glucan increased expressions of immunomodulating genes and showed synergistic effect with LPS.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.2 no.4
• /
• pp.376-382
• /
• 1994

Repeated injections of low-doses of mercuric chloride in rats or mice induce polyclonal activation which includes the induction of anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibodies and circulating immune complex and it results in nephritis. Because this disease is autoimmune mediated disease resulted from immune dysfunction, immunomodulators are used to control the symptoms or to cure the disease. Irpex lacteus Fr. is a kind of new medicinal fungus. The polysaccharide fraction extracted from submerged fermentation of Irpex lacteus Fr. decreased the serum agglutinin, serolysin and IgM plaque forming cells in normal mice. The hitherto obtained clinical results suggested that it significantly improved the oligourea, edema, and hypertension in patients who have nephritis. To elucidate the action-mechanisms of Irpex lacteus Fr., we established the experimental model of HgCl$_2$induced polyclonal activation by intraperitoneal administrations of HgCl$_2$to mice. To assess the immunomodulating effect of Irpex lacteus fraction, we Investigated its effects on the mitogen induced proliferation and IgM PFC counts of splenic lymphocytes in mice during the treatment of HgCl$_2$. The Irpex lacteus polysaccharide reduced the abnormally increased mitogen induced Iymphocyte proliferation and IgM PFCs to almost normal levels. And the Irpex lacteus polysaccharides prevented the increasement of serum immunoglobulin level induced by HgCl$_2$. These data suggested that the Irpex lacteus polysaccharides might have the immunomodulating activity to prevent and /or improve the HgCl$_2$ induced autoimmune disease.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
• /
• 2002.10a
• /
• pp.266-276
• /
• 2002

A red ginseng acidic polysaccharide(RGAP) with immunomodulating antitumor activities was isolated from Korean red ginseng, The molecular weight of RGAP was estimated to be 12-450 kDa by gel filtration chromatography, RGAP was found to increase survival rate and to inhibit of tumor growth significantly in a dose dependent manner in mice transplanted with tumor cells. RGAP significantly promoted nitric oxide(NO) production from peritoneal macrophages bothin vivo and in vitro. Western blot analysis exhibited a newly synthesized inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) protein band in the RGAP treated group. It seems likely that immunomodulating antitumor activities of RGAP are mainly mediated by NO production of macrophage. RGAP was further purified by ultrafiltration and anion exchange chromatography on DEAE-sepharose, followed by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300 to give an active fraction(GFP) with stronger NO production in murine macrophages. GFP increased survival rate ten times compared to RGAP in male ICR mice transplanted with sarcoma 180 and also showed more potent tumoricidal activities of natural killer cells than RGAP. Sugar $composition(mol\%)$ of GFP was found to be arabinose:rhamnose:xylose:galacturonic acid:mannose:galactose:glucose(10:9:1:25:8:20:27) by GC/MS. The results suggest that clinical trials of RGAP in immunotherapy against cancer are highly feasible.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.21-26
• /
• 2021

Background: Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genetic mutations in patients affect their response to drugs. Pharmacogenomic studies aim to maximize drug effects and minimize adverse drug events. The Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicine Agency published guidelines for pharmacogenetics in 2005 and 2006, respectively; the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety followed suit in 2015. Methods: This study analyzed pharmacogenomic information in the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety's integrated drug information system to evaluate whether domestic pharmaceutical products reflect the current research on pharmacogenomic differences. Results: In June 2020, the Korean pharmacogenomic database contained genomic data on 90 compounds. Of these, 45 compounds were classified as "Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents." The other 45 non-antineoplastic agents were in the following categories: Anti-infectives, Mental & behavior disorder, Hormone & metabolism related diseases, Cardiovascular system, Skin & subcutaneous tissue disease, Genito-urinary system and sex hormones, Blood and blood forming organs, Nervous system, Alimentary tract and metabolism, Musculo-skeletal system, and Other conditions including the respiratory system. In addition, 30 additives unrelated to the main ingredient were associated with genetic precautions. Conclusion: This study showed that antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents accounted for half the drugs associated with pharmacogenetic information. For antitumor and immunomodulatory drugs, genomic tests were recommended depending on the indication; this was in contrast to genomic testing recommendations for non-antineoplastic medications. Genomic tests were rarely requested or recommended for non-antineoplastic medications because the relationships between genotype and efficacy among those drugs were relatively weak.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.140-146
• /
• 2024

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), causing multi-organ damage affecting the heart, lungs, kidneys, digestive tract, and nervous system. As the cases of MIS-C have been increasing following the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of appropriate management for MIS-C is becoming increasingly apparent. Immunomodulating agents such as anakinra, infliximab, and steroids are regarded as supplementary therapy to the first-line treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin. However, these immunomodulating therapies can potentially precipitate opportunistic infections, including those caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus, and tuberculosis, or increase the risk of co-infections. Herein, we report a case of a 3-year-old boy who was treated with immunoglobulin, infliximab, and high-dose methylprednisolone for MIS-C, and subsequently developed a persistent fever lasting 32 days caused by a CMV infection.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.96-102
• /
• 2012

This study was designed to evaluate a repeated oral dose toxicity and immunomodulating activity of $Pulsatilla$ $koreana$ and $Artemisiae$ $annuae$ in Sprague-Dawley rats. The female rats were treated with $Pulsatilla$ $koreana$ and $Artemisiae$ $annuae$ of control group, low group (0.5 ml/kg), medium group (1 ml/kg), high group (2 ml/kg) for distilled water, intragastrically for 4 weeks, respectively. To ensure the safety of $Pulsatilla$ $koreana $ and $Artemisiae$ $annuae$ such as the following were observed and tested. We examined the body weight, the feed intake, the clinical signs, the ophthalmological test, the hematological and the serum biochemical analysis. We also observed the histopathological changes of liver and kidney in rats. Hematological results were the increase of neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes in the high dose group of $Pulsatilla$ $koreana$. The increase immune cells in the high dose group of $Pulsatilla$ $koreana$ might immunomodulating activity. No significant differences in body weight, feed intake, serum biochemical analysis and histopathological between control and fed group were found. In conclusion, $Pulsatilla$ $koreana$ and $Artemisiae$ $annuae$ is physiologically safe and improve immunomodulating activity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.626-632
• /
• 2000

Brazilin, an active principle of Caesalprenia sappan, was examined for its immunopotentiating effects in multiple low dose streptozotocin (MLD-STZ) induced type diabetic mice. Brazilin was intraperitoneally administered for 5 consecutive days to MLD-STZ induced type 1 diabetic mice. Delayed type hypersensitivity, Con A-induced proliferation of splenocytes and mixed lymphocyte reaction, which had been decreased in diabetic mice, were significantly recovered by the administration of brazilin. Brazilin increased IL-2 production without affecting suppressor cell activity. Con A-induced and IL-2-induced expression of high affinity IL-2 receptors were also enhanced by brazilin. These results indicate that brazilin augments cellular immune responses, which are suppressed in the MLD-STZ induced type I diabetic mice, by increasing IL-2 production and responsiveness of immune cells to IL-2.