• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.95-102
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to prove the effect of GamiBangkeehwangkee-tang (f$\acute{a}$ngj$\check{i}$hu$\acute{a}$ngq$\acute{i}$-t$\bar{a}$ng, BHT) ethanol extract on the immunity and rheumatoid arthritis related inflammatory cytokines. Methods : We checked viability in RAW 264.7 cell after treat by BHT. Then we measured inflammatory and immunity factors of DBA/1 mice with rheumatoid arthritis induced by collagen after BHT oral administration. Also, we checked micro-CT image, bone volume and bone inflammation ratio in micro-CT and structural parameter test. Results : BHT showed cell viability of 95% or higher in all concentration in RAW 264.7 cells. BHT treated group decreased level in serum of IgM and IgG test by 36% and 25% respectively. And BHT treated group showed significant decrease in WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocytes immune cell ratio in blood by 47%, 22%, 56% and 85% respectively. Also, BHT treated group decreased level in serum of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-17, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and hs-CRP tests by 29%, 33%, 32%, 24% and 56% respectively. Finally, BHT treated group showed increase ratio of bone volume that decrease ratio of bone inflammation. Conclusions : In this study, the results were observed rheumatoid arthritis factors cytokine decrease in serum. And BHT showed immunoglobulin and immune cells ratio decrease in serum and blood. Also, BHT depending on effects of inflammatory and immunity in hs-CRP test, micro-CT, structural parameter test. Thus, these results can used as a effective drug of BHT for inflammation and immunity.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.765-772
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• 2015

Saussurea lappa has been reported to possess anti-atopic properties. In this study, we have confirmed the S. lappa's anti-atopic properties in Nc/Nga mice and investigated the candidate gene related with its properties using microarray. We determined the target gene using real time PCR in in vitro experiment. S. lappa showed the significant reduction in atoptic dermatitis (AD) score and immunoglobulin E compared with the AD induced Nc/Nga mice. In the results of microarray using back skin obtained from animals, we found that S. lappa's properties are closely associated with cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Consistent with the microarray data, real-time RT-PCR confirmed these modulation at the mRNA level in skin tissues from S. lappa-treated mice. Among these genes, PI3Kca and $IL20R{\beta}$ were significantly downregulated by S. lappa treatment in Nc/Nga mouse model. In in vitro experiment using HaCaT cells, we found that the S. lappa components, including alantolactone, caryophyllene, costic acid, costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone significantly decreased the expression of PI3Kca but not $IL20R{\beta}$ in vitro. Therefore, our study suggests that PI3Kca-related signaling is closely related with the protective effects of S. lappa against the development of atopic-dermatitis.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2012

Objectives : In the theory of Korean medicine, Pear has long been considered to protect throat, bronchus and lung. Pear has been believed to remove sputum in Korean people. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of pear ethanol extract (PEE) on asthma induced by ovalbumin in mice. Methods : We investigated the effects of PEE on airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, production levels of ovalbumin (OVA) specific total immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG1, IgG2a and IgE in serum and histopathological changes of lung tissues in asthamtic mice. Results : PEE decreased airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine significantly compared to non-treated asthmatic mice (P<0.05). Level of OVA specific IgE in serum was lowered by oral administration of PEE effectively (P<0.05). In histopathological observation, administration of PEE reduced infiltration of immune cells into lung tissue. Conclusion : These results suggest that pear has anti-asthmaitc action and related mechanims are involved in anti-inflammatory action such as reducing level of OVA specific IgE and immune cell infiltration.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2014

A rapid, user-friendly and simple immune-chromatographic dipstick kit named 'rapid immune-gold strip' (RIGS) kit was developed in a novel single strip format to detect on-site detection of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Immunoglobulin G (IgG) from polyclonal antisera raised in rabbits against TSWV was purified through protein-A affinity chromatography and then the purified TSWV-IgG was conjugated to colloidal gold nano-particles which served as a test line on nitrocellulose membrane. Protein A that non-specifically binds to TSWV antibody was used as a control line on the same strip. The diagnosis process with the TSWV-RIGS involves simply grinding the suspect plant sample in a bag that contains the extraction buffer and inserting the strip the bag. Results can be seen in 2-5 minutes. The flow of the complexes of gold particles coated with TSWV-IgG and a crude sap from TSWV-infected pepper, tobacco and tomato plants resulted in intensive color formed on the test lines proportional to the concentrations of TSWV. The RIGS-TSWV kit did not show any cross-reactions against other tomato-infecting viruses unrelated to TSWV. These results indicate that the TSWV-RIGS kit is highly sensitive and is not required for laboratory training and experience prior to testing. The TSWV-RIGS kit is suitable for on-site detection of suspect TSWV-infected plants as well as for laboratory diagnosis.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.44-47
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• 2011

Background: Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS) is characterized by the clinical triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia, and is considered a variant form of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Although some cases of delayed-onset facial palsy in MFS have been reported, the characteristics of this facial palsy are poorly described in the literature. Methods: Between 2007 and 2010, six patients with MFS were seen at our hospital. Delayed facial palsy, defined as a facial palsy that developed while the other symptoms of MFS began to improve following intravenous immunoglobulin treatment, was confirmed in four patients. The clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of delayed facial palsy in MFS, as observed in these patients, are described here. Results: Four patients with delayed-onset facial palsy were included. Delayed facial palsy developed 8-16 days after initial symptom onset (5-9 days after treatment). Unilateral facial palsy occurred in three patients and asymmetric facial diplegia in one patient. The House-Brackmann score of facial palsy was grade III in one patient, IV in two patients, and V in one patient. None of the patients complained of posterior auricular pain. Facial nerve conduction studies revealed normal amplitude in all four patients. The blink reflex showed abnormal prolongation in two patients and the absence of action potential formation in two patients. Facial palsy resolved completely in all four patients within 3 months. Conclusions: Delayed facial palsy is a frequent symptom in MFS and resolves completely without additional treatment. Thus, standard treatment and patient reassurance are sufficient in most cases.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1311-1319
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• 2009

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of soybean oil supplementation replacing tallow in pig diets at different stages of growth. One hundred and twenty crossbred (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc) pigs weighing 18 kg on average were selected. Pigs were randomly allotted to 12 pens of 10 pigs (5 pigs of each sex) each. Three pens were assigned to each of the four treatments: TA; tallow diet, TA-SO-80; switched from tallow to soybean oil diet at 80 kg average body weight, TA-SO-45; switched from tallow to soybean oil diet at 45 kg average body weight, and SO; soybean oil diet. Treatment SO was significantly lower in ADG than tallow diets (TA, TA-SO-80 and TA-SO-45) during the grower period (18 to 45 kg). However, treatment SO showed greatest compensation in ADFI and ADG during the finisher-2 period (after 80 kg body weight). ADFI and ADG and Gain/Feed for the total period were not significantly different among treatments. Loin area, back fat thickness, firmness and melting point of back fat were not significantly different. The levels of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein+very low density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum were significantly lower in treatment SO than in treatments TA-SO-45, TA-SO-80 and TA. The level of serum triglyceride linearly increased as the length of the tallow feeding period increased. Serum immunoglobulin-G (IgG) level was significantly higher in the soybean oiltreatment than in other treatments. Major fatty acid composition of short rib muscle and back fat were significantly influenced by treatments. Contents of ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (C18:3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) linearly increased as the soybean oil feeding period increased. In conclusion, soybean oil can be supplemented to the diet of pigs without significant effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics. The level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially $\omega-3$ fatty acids in the carcass was increased by soybean oil supplementation.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2001

Currently 18 monoclonal antibodies were approved by FDA for inj ection into humans for therapeutic or diagnostic purpose. And 146 clinical trials are under way to evaluate the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies as anti-cancer agents, which comprise 9 % of clinical trials in cancer therapy field. When considering a lot of disappointment and worries existed in this field during the past 15 years, this boom could be called as resurrection. Antibodies have several merits over small molecule drug. First of all it is easier and faster in development, as proper immunization of the target proteins usually raises good antibody response. The side effects of antibodies are more likely to be checked out in immunohistomchemical staining of whole human tissues. Antibody has better pharmacokinetics, which means a longer half-life. And it is non-toxic as it is purely a "natural drug. Vast array of methods was developed to get the recombinant antibodies to be used as drug. The mice with human immunoglobulin genes were generated. Fully human antibodies can be developed in fast and easy way from these mice through immunization. These mice could make even human monoclonal antibodies against any human antigen like albumin. The concept of combinatorial library was also actively adopted for this purpose. Specific antibodies can be screened out from phage, mRNA, ribosomal library displaying recombinant antibodies like single chain Fvs or Fabs. Then the coding genes of these specific antibodies are obtained from the selected protein-gene units, and used for industrial scale production. Both $na\ddot{i}ve$ and immunized libraries are proved to be effective for this purpose. In post-map arena, antibodies are receiving another spotlight as molecular probes against numerous targets screened out from functional genomics or proteomics. Actually many of these antibodies used for this purpose are already human ones. Through alliance of these two actively growing research areas, antibody would play a central role in target discovery and drug development.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.91-95
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• 2002

Background: In order to characterize human antibodies with specificity for mite allergens at the molecular level, a scFv phage display library was constructed using peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocytes from an asthma patient allergic to mite as Ig gene sources. Methods: Immunoglobulin $V_H$ and V gene fragments were obtained by polymerase chain reaction, and randomly combined in pCANTAB-5E vector. The resulting human scFv phage display library had $3{\times}10^4$ independent clones, and biopanning was performed with house dust mite extracts. Results: Four scFv clones specific for house dust mite extract were isolated. Immunoblot assay showed that our clones reacted to 25 kDa and 50~60 kDa proteins with unknown identity in mite extracts. Sequence analysis indicated that two clones (b7 and c15) are identical, and all clones belong to human $V_H3$ subgroup. On the other hand, light chain usage was different in that two clones (a2 and b7 / c15) belonging to V ${\kappa}4$ subgroup, but a4 used V ${\kappa}1$ light chain gene. Conclusion: Our approach should facilitate provision of useful information on the antibody responses against allergens at the molecular level in humans.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.50-62
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• 2003

Objective: Bee Venom(BV) has been used for various kinds of inflammatory or painful conditions in Oriental Medicine clinics, and there publishes reports on its therapeutic effects and the probable mechanism of those therapeutic effects, where CDs and cytokines plays important role. This study investigated the influences of bee venom on the expressions of CDs and cytokines of HMC cell line Methods: In this study we analysed the expression profile of HMC cell line treated with BV of 10-2ug/ml in relation to that of HMC cell line treated with vehicle by way of CD/cytokine microarray hybridization with 342 genes on it. Results: There were no upregulated genes by more than 3 fold, while there showed some downregulated genes by less than 1/3 fold as follows: colony stimulating factor 2, CD122, IL-7, CD112, TNF-alpha, CD138, CD166, TGFbetaR2, CD42b, CD62L, CD111, interleukin 10 receptor alpha, colony stimulating factor 1(macrophage), CD38 antigen(p45), CD121a, CD33 antigen(gp67), colony stimulating factor 1 receptor, B cell linker protein (SLP65) mRNA, CD94, alanyl(membrane) aminopeptidase, immunoglobulin(CD79A) binding protein 1, CD205, CD241, CD207, CDw121b, integrin alpha L(CD11a), integrin beta 1(CD29), CD91, CD42b. Conclusions: Bee venom treatment induced downregulation of some CDs or cytokines including $TNF-{\alpha}$. IL-1R with its possible implication in an antiinflammatory action of BV. Further research on expression profile changes induced by BV treatment is expected.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.139-146
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• 1986

The characteristics of the amyloid proteins were histochemically investigated with the amyloidladen organs from bovine(15 cases), canine(1 case), feline(1 case), and artificially induced rabbit amyloidosis(1 case). The amyloid-laden organs from bovine, canine and experimental rabbit amyloidosis showed potassium-permanganate-senstive reaction, revealing complete disappearance for Congo red affinity, loss of brick-red colored fluorescence and green birefringence. From these findings, the amyloids from bovine, canine and experimentally induced rabbit amyloidosis were thought to be equivalent to amyloid protein A (AA protein). In the present feline case with amyloidosis, however, the amyloid proteins revealed potassium permanganate-resistant reaction, showing unchanged affinity for Congo red, and immunoglobulin was also deposited in the glomeruli of the kidney. From these findings, the amyloid proteins from feline case with amyloidosis were considered to be equivalent to amyloid light chain-related proteins (AL protein).