• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.307-316
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• 1990

This study was undertaken to test the effects of Daturae Flos(DF) and Daturae Semen(DS) on the cellular and humoral immune responses, and the functions of the cells involved in immunoinflammation. Both extracts decreased the activity of superoxide dismutase, and the decrease was greater in the mouse group which was treated with DS. Both extracts decreased the phagocytic activity as measured by assessing the number of the latex particle within the phagocyte after incubation of peritoneal macrophages with fluorochrome-labelled latex particle and decreased natural killer cell activity as measured by enumerating the viable YAC-1 cells after treatment of target cells with splenic natural killer cells. Both extracts also decreased the cell-mediated immunity in vivo as assessed by measuring the ear thickness after sensitization and challenge with dinitrofluorobenzene, however, had no effects on the humoral immune responses as measured by checking hemolysin and hemagglutinin titers after immunization with sheep red blood cells(SRBC). Extracts of Semen caused decrease in the number of rosette forming cells between the splenic cells and SRBC. The results of this study suggested that both Daturae extracts could depress the immunoinflammation by affecting the various cell types involved in inflammation.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 1988

Propyl gallate used as an antioxidant was examined for its effects on murine Immune system and metbemoglobin content treated with anillne. As immunotoxicology assay parameters, we adopted circulating leukocytes and immunoorgan weights for pathtoxicology, IgM plaque forming cells and Artbus reaction for humoral immunity. Propyl gallate's effects were observed as follows; 1. Propyl gallate decreased circulating leukocyte counts, dose dependently. 2. Relative immunoorgan weigbts were not affected. 3. Propyl gallate diminisbed IgM PFCs/spleen cell and IgM PFCs/spleen. 4. Propyl gallate decreased Arthus reaction. 5. Propyl gallate did not affect metbemogiobin content treated wltb aniIIne.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.152-160
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aging process on the immunity in human subjects. In this investigation, nineteen families of three generations (daughters on college age, their mothers, and grandmothers) participated to avoid genetic variation among individuals. Dietary food records, anthropometric measurements and biochemical assessments of serum nutrients were used to evaluate the nutritional status of subjects. The immune parameters of subjects were assessed by the total and differential WBC count. Total B and T lymphocytes, and T cell subsets were quantified by flowcytometer. Serum immunoglobulin G, A, M concentrations were also measured as an index of humoral immunity. The result of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. Along with the aging process, body fat was found to be increased whereas lean body mass and total body water were diminished. Since there were no significant difference in serum vitamin E levels in all age groups, serum retinal concentrations tended to decrease as one gets old. 2. Although total number of T lymphocytes seemed to be unchanged, B lymphocytes and NK cell numbers were increased by aging. The Percentage of CD8 + lymphocytes was lower in the elderly subjects compared with the younger, resulting in higher ratio of CD4 +/CD8 + lymphocytes in the elderly. Serum Ig G and Ig A levels remained unchanged, but IgM levels were significantly decreased as the age processes continue. Taking all together, it could be suggested that the alteration of immune cell population by aging is selective and possibly nonage factors such as nutrition may be attributable to the change of immunity in the elderly. The nutritional status and aging process may selectively affect both the cell-mediated (CD8 +, CD4 + CD8 + ratio, NK cell) and humoral (B lymphocyte, Immunoglobulin M, G) immune parameters in human subjects.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1042-1048
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• 2006

Plasmid DNA vaccines encoding the hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface and hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope antigens, respectively, were constructed, and attempt were made to find the possibility of a divalent vaccine against HBV and HCV. The expression of each plasmid in Cos-1 cells was confirmed using immunocytochemistry. To measure the induced immune response by these plasmids in vivo, female BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly with $100\;{\mu}g$ of either both or just one of the plasmids. Anti-HBV and HCV-specific antibodies and related cytokines were evaluated to investigate the generation of both humoral and cellular immune responses. As a result, specific anti-HBV and anti-HCV serum antibodies from mice immunized with these plasmids were observed using immunoblot. The levels of IL-2 and RANTES showing a $Th_{1}$ immune response were significantly increased, but there was no change in the level of IL-4 ($Th_{1}$ immune response) in any of the immunized groups. Compared with each plasmid DNA vaccine, the combined vaccine elicited similar immune responses in both humoral and cell-mediated immunities. These results suggest that the combined DNA vaccine can induce not only comparable immunity experimentally without antigenic interference, but also humoral and $Th_{1}$ dominant cellular immune responses. Therefore, they could serve as candidates for a simultaneous bivalent vaccine against HBV and HCV infections.

• Proceedings of the Microbiological Society of Korea Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.78-82
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• 2000

The AIDS epidemic continues unabated in many part of the world. After near two decades, no vaccine is available to combat the spread of this deadly disease. Much of the HIV -1 vaccine effort during the past decade has focused on the viral envelope glycoprotein, largely because it is the only protein that can elicit neutralizing antibodies (Nabs). Eliciting broadly cross-reactive Nabs has been a primary goal. The intrinsic genetic diversity of the viral envelope, however, has been one of the major impediments in vaccine development. We have recently completed a comprehensive study examining whether it is possible to elicit broadly acting Nabs by immunizing monkeys with mixtures of envelope proteins from multiple HIV -1 isolates. We compared the humoral immune responses elicited by vaccination with either single or multiple envelope proteins and evaluated the importance of humoral and non-humoral immune response in protection against a challenge virus with a homologous or heterologous envelope protein. Our results show that (1) Nab is the correlate of sterilizing immunity, (2) Nabs against primary HIV -1 isolates can be elicited by the live vector-prime/protein boost approach, and (3) polyvalent envelope vaccines elicit broader Nab response than monovalent vaccines. Nonetheless, our findings clearly indicate that the increased breadth of Nab response is by and large limited to strains included in the vaccine mixture and does not extend to heterologous non-vaccine strains. Our study strongly demonstrates how difficult it may be to elicit broadly reactive Nabs using envelope proteins and sadly predicts a similar fate for many of the vaccine candidates currently being evaluated in clinical trials. We have started to evaluate other vaccine candidates (e.g. genetically modified envelope proteins) that might elicit broadly reactive Nabs. We are also exploring other vaccine strategies to elicit potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. Preliminary results from some of these experiments will be discussed.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.187-200
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• 2014

Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are the most common cause of genital ulceration in humans worldwide. Typically, HSV-1 and 2 infections via mucosal route result in a lifelong latent infection after peripheral replication in mucosal tissues, thereby providing potential transmission to neighbor hosts in response to reactivation. To break the transmission cycle, immunoprophylactics and therapeutic strategies must be focused on prevention of infection or reduction of infectivity at mucosal sites. Currently, our understanding of the immune responses against mucosal infection of HSV remains intricate and involves a balance between innate signaling pathways and the adaptive immune responses. Numerous studies have demonstrated that HSV mucosal infection induces type I interferons (IFN) via recognition of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and activates multiple immune cell populations, including NK cells, conventional dendritic cells (DCs), and plasmacytoid DCs. This innate immune response is required not only for the early control of viral replication at mucosal sites, but also for establishing adaptive immune responses against HSV antigens. Although the contribution of humoral immune response is controversial, $CD4^+$ Th1 T cells producing IFN-${\gamma}$ are believed to play an important role in eradicating virus from the hosts. In addition, the recent experimental successes of immunoprophylactic and therapeutic compounds that enhance resistance and/or reduce viral burden at mucosal sites have accumulated. This review focuses on attempts to modulate innate and adaptive immunity against HSV mucosal infection for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. Notably, cells involved in innate immune regulations appear to shape adaptive immune responses. Thus, we summarized the current evidence of various immune mediators in response to mucosal HSV infection, focusing on the importance of innate immune responses.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.111-120
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• 1990

Effects of royal jelly(RJ) on the immune system in normal and cyclophosphamide(CY)-treated mice were investigated. The results were as following: 1. Body weight, spleen weight, thymus weight, WBC, cell-mediated immunity (CMI, contact hypersensitivity to DNFB), humoral immunity (HI, Hemagglutinin-, Hemolysin-titer) were increased or decreased dependent on the day of administration of RJ in normal mice. But it showed no effect on liver weight and RBC. 2. Combined treatment with RJ in CY-treated mice on the day which RJ showed the increasing activities in normal mice inhibited the decrease of survival rate, body weight, spleen weight, WBC and CMI caused by CY, but no effect on the decrease of thymus weight and HI induced by CY.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.729-735
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• 2003

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of iron supplement for 4 weeks on iron status, immunity, and antioxidant status of national female soccer players (n = 25). This study was performed at summer hard training period right before competition. A single blind design was used to divide the subjects into iron-supplement (IS) or placebo group (P). Iron-supplement group was supplemented with iron (40 mg/d) for 4 weeks. The mean age of the subjects was 23.3 $\pm$ 2.5 years old. Mean height and body weight of the subjects were 164.4 $\pm$ 5.7 em and 57.4 $\pm$ 4.6 kg, respectively. The mean carrier as soccer player was 11.0 $\pm$ 2.6 years and mean training time was 7.0 $\pm$ 1.3 hr/day. The mean hemoglobin, hematocrit, total iron binding capacity and ferritin concentrations before iron supplementation were not different between two groups. After 4 weeks of summer training and iron supplementation, serum ferritin level was significantly increased only in IS group after supplementation. Mean corpuscular volume and total iron binding capacity were significantly decreased in both groups. Meanwhile, hemoglobin and red blood cell count were significantly lowered only in placebo group. The IgM concentration increased significantly in both groups, but IgG concentration had increasing tendency only in IS group (p < 0.064). Therefore, iron supplementation during hard training period may be helpful to improve work capacity of the athletes by improving ferritin status and humoral immune responses.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1401-1405
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• 2012

Aim: To investigate the protective effect of purified fraction 1 polysaccharide extracted from Rheum tanguticum RTP1 on irradiation-induced immune damage in mice. Methods: Kunming mice were randomly divided into five groups: normal group (NC), irradiation control group (IC), RTP1 low dose (200 mg/kg), middle dose (400 mg/kg) and high dose (800 mg/kg) groups. RTP1 was adminstered by the gastric route for 14 d, mice in the NC and IC groups being given by 0.9% sodium chloride solution in the same way. The mice in all groups except NC group were irradiated with 2.0 Gy $^{60}Co{\gamma}$-ray on the fourteenth day. Immune indives of non-specific immune function, cellular immunity and humoral immunity were assessed at the 24th hour after radiation. Results: Compared with the IC group, the spleen index, thymus index, rate of carbon clearance, phagocytic function of macrophages, lymphocyte proliferation, hemolysin value of blood serum and NK activity were increased markedly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.05). Conclusion: RTP1 has an obvious protective effects on damage in ${\gamma}$-ray radiated mice.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 1998

Recombinant polioviruses have been developed by many research groups for use as vaccine vector because poliovirus induces mucosal immunity as well as humoral immunity through oral uptake. We assessed the potential use of poliovirus as a T-cell epitope carrier. Recombinant poliovirus V129 5L was constructed to have a substituted T-helper epitope from the core protein of Hepatitis B virus at neutralization antigenic site 1 on its VP1 capsid protein. The recombinant virus replicated less efficiently than type 1 poliovirus Mahoney strain. The V129 5L formed a little smaller plaques than the Mahoney strain and showed some 1.25 log unit lower titer at the peak in the one-step growth kinetics though it had similar growth profile to that of the Mahoney strain. Since V129 5L recombinant virus was genetically stable even after 24 successive passages in HeLa cells, the antigenic site 1 on VP1 capsid protein was confirmed for its ability of carrying T cell epitope. The genetic stability of V129 5L also indicated that recombinant poliovirus can be successfully utilized for the development of the multivalent vaccines.