• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.1296-1301
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• 2004

Fuzzy logic, neural network, fuzzy-neural network play an important as the key technology of linguistic modeling for intelligent control and decision making in complex systems. The fuzzy -neural network (FNN) learning represents one of the most effective algorithms to build such linguistic models. This paper proposes learning approach of fuzzy-neural network by immune algorithm. The proposed learning model is presented in an immune based fuzzy-neural network (FNN) form which can handle linguistic knowledge by immune algorithm. The learning algorithm of an immune based FNN is composed of two phases. The first phase used to find the initial membership functions of the fuzzy neural network model. In the second phase, a new immune algorithm based optimization is proposed for tuning of membership functions and structure of the proposed model.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.303-308
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• 2004

Fuzzy logic, neural network, fuzzy-neural network play an important as the key technology of linguistic modeling for intelligent control and decision making in complex systems. The fuzzy-neural network (FNN) learning represents one of the most effective algorithms to build such linguistic models. This paper proposes learning approach of fuzzy-neural network by immune algorithm. The proposed learning model is presented in an immune based fuzzy-neural network (FNN) form which can handle linguistic knowledge by immune algorithm. The learning algorithm of an immune based FNN is composed of two phases. The first phase used to find the initial membership functions of the fuzzy neural network model. In the second phase, a new immune algorithm based optimization is proposed for tuning of membership functions and structure of the proposed model.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.44.1-44.19
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• 2020

The human body is continuously threatened by pathogens, and the immune system must maintain a balance between fighting infection and becoming over-activated. Mucosal surfaces cover several anatomically diverse organs throughout the body, such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and are directly exposed to the external environment. Various pathogens invade the body through mucosal surfaces, making the mucosa the frontline of immune defense. The immune systems of various mucosal tissues display distinctive features that reflect the tissues' anatomical and functional characteristics. This review discusses the cellular components that constitute the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts; in particular, it highlights the complex interactions between epithelial and immune cells to induce Ag-specific immune responses in the lung and gut. This information on mucosal immunity may facilitate understanding of the defense mechanisms against infectious agents that invade mucosal surfaces, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and provide insight into effective vaccine development.

• 한국유가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.11b
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• pp.39-50
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• 2008

The immune system of mammals includes a complex array of cells and molecules, which interact to provide protection from pathogenic microorganisms. The beneficial role played by lactic acid bacteria and milk-derived peptide in the humans, including the effects on the immune system, has been extensively reported. They are present in dairy products and are frequently used as nutraceuticals to some improve some biological functions in the host. The activation of the systemic and secretory immune response by lactic acid bacteria and milk-derived peptide requires many complex interactions among th different constituents of the intestinal ecosystem. The aim of this review was to make the point about the immunological potential of lactic acid bacteria and milk-derived peptide.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.649-654
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• 2009

The immune system is comprised of cells and molecules whose collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substance is referred to as the immune response. Defense against microbes is mediated by the early reaction (innate immunity) and the late response (adaptive immunity). Innate immunity consists of the epithelial barrier, phagocytes, complement and natural killer cells. Adaptive immunity, a more complex defense reaction, consists of activation of later-developed lymphocytes that, when stimulated by exposure to infectious agents, increase in magnitude and defensive capabilities with each successive exposure. In this review we discuss recent advances in important primary immune deficiency disorders of innate immunity (chronic granulomatous disease, leukocyte adhesion deficiency) and adaptive immunity (severe combined immune deficiency, Wiskott- Aldrich syndrome).

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.121-124
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• 2015

Now, it has been being accepted that reverse signaling through CD137 ligand (CD137L) plays an important role in vivo during hematopoiesis and in immune regulation. However, due to technical difficulty in dissecting both directional signaling events simultaneously in vivo, most biological activities caused by CD137-CD137L interactions are considered as results from signaling events of the CD137 receptor. To make the story more complex, $CD137^{-/-}$ and $CD137L^{-/-}$ mice have increased or decreased immune responses in a context-dependent manner. In this Mini review, I will try to provide a plausible explanation for how CD137L signaling is controlled during immune responses.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.11a
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• pp.61-67
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• 1994

One fundamental problem in developing an AIDS vaccine is antigenic variation of HIV. Despite a substantial induced immune response in gp120-immunized monkeys and humans, high titers of V3-directed type specific neutralizing antibodies may not be sufficient to neutralize continuously emerging new isolates. Several studies analyzing anti-gp120 antibodies in HIV-infected individuals have clearly indicated that most broadly neutralizing antibodies are directed to conformation-dependent epitopes. Therefore, it seems important to evaluate the potential efficacy of candidate gp120 vaccines at inducing such antibodies, that might be potentially protective against multiple HIV strains. One concern in the development of any recombinant protein as a vaccine is its stability when mixed with an adjuvant. This could be a particularly important factor for recombinant gp120, given the conformational nature of its major, broadly neutralizing, epitopes. We hypothesized that gp120 complexed with recombinant CD4 could stabilize the conformation-dependent epitopes and effectively deliver these epitopes to the immune system. In this study, a soluble gp120-CD4 complex in Syntex Adjuvant Formulation was tested in mice to analyze the anti-gp120 antibody response. With the aim of defining the fine specificity and neutalizing activities of the immune response, 17Mabs were generated and characterized. The studies indicate that the gp120-CD4 complex elicits neutralizing anti-gp120 antibodies, most of which are directed to the conformation dependent epitopes.

• BMB Reports
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.283-284
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• 2017

Single cell transcriptome analysis is a powerful tool for defining cell types or sub-populations within a heterogeneous bulk population. Tumor-associated microenvironment is a complex ecosystem consisting of numerous cell types that support tumor growth, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and metastasis. With the success of checkpoint inhibitors targeting the immune cell compartment, tumor microenvironment is emerging as a potential anti-cancer target, and understanding it has become an imminent subject in cancer biology.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.56-73
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• 2002

Objective : We need to develop a new treatment method which can curve cancer growth and enhance immunity of patients with various kinds of cancer more safely and effectively, for conventional anticancer treatment has lots of problems to be overcomed, in other words, Its efficacy can be recognizible but it doesn't actually give aid to patients due to its side effects. This study was taken up to evaluate the anticancer and immune-enhancing effect of Scutellariae Barbatae Herba, Alli bulbus, Oldenlandiae Herba(SAO) Herbal acupuncture. Methods : SAO Herbal acupuncture solution was made from Scutellariae Barbatae Herba, Alli bulbus, Oldenlandiae Herba by decoction. Experimental group was divided into normal(N), control(TC, cancer group induced by S 180), high and low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group. In the high and low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group, SAO Herbal acupuncture solution was injected, on the left and right Chok-samni(足三里, ST36) of ICR-male S 180 rats alternatively, by 200mg/kg and 100mg/kg respectively. In vitro, S 180 was cultured with $200{\mu}g$ and $500{\mu}g$ of SAO Herbal acupuncture solution. In each experimental group, we examined the effect of SAO complex Herbal acupuncture on body weight, antitumor, organ weight, activity of macrophage, activity of B cell, spleen cell division, IL-2 production and population of lymphocytes. Results : 1. In Body weight, no significant change was shown, but In solid cancer weight, the high concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group showed signigicant(P<0.05) decrease and significant(P<0.05) increase in the weight of kidney, compared with control group. 2. In activity of macrophage, low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group showed significant(P<0.01) increase, but in vitro, there was no significant increase, compared with control group. 3. In activity of B cell, high and low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group showed no significant decrease, but in vitro, low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group showed significant(P<0.01) increase, compared with control group. 4. In spleen cell division, high and low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group had no significant influence on spleen cell division induced by Co A, meanwhile, it was found that macrophge promote spleen cell division in low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group(P<0.05), compared with control group. 5. In IL-2 production, high concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group showed significant((P<0.05) increase, compared with control group. 6. In population of lymphocytes, high concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group showed significant increase of CD3+(P<0.05), CD4+(P<0.05), CD3+ and CD4+ T cell(P<0.01) and B cell(P<0.05), while low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group showed significant increase of CD4+(P<0.05), CD8+ T cell(P<0.05) and B cell(P<0.01), compared with control group. Conclusion : SAO Herbal acupuncture inhibited cancer growth and enhanced immunity.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.169-175
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• 2003

The intestinal immune system can discriminate between harmful and unharmful antigens and do not provoke productive immunity to unharmful antigen. Thus oral administration of antigen is one of classical methods for inducing antigen-specific immune tolerance in the periphery. Furthermore, oral tolerance has been investigated for the treatment of autoimmune disorders in human clinical trials. However, the detail mechanism of oral tolerance and contributing factors are not defined clearly at this time. Recent studies demonstrate unique types of immune cell that suppressing immune response, such as regulatory T cell and tolerogenic dendritic cell. This article reviews the factors involved in oral tolerance and discusses our current understanding base on the recent literatures and our works.