• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate On in vitro fertilization, survival rate and developmental rate of rapidly frozen bovine immature oocytes. Immature oocytes cultured for 1, 12, 24, 48 hours in 20% FCS + TCM-199 medium and thereafter rapidly freezing-thawed oocytes inseminated with capacitated sperm. The immature oocytes following dehydration by 1.5M DMSO + 2.0M glycerol + 0.25M sucrose + TCM 199 media + 20% FGS were directly plunged into liquid nitrogen and thawes in 3$0^{\circ}C$ water. Rapid freezing embryos co-cultured in 20% FCS + TCM-199 media containing hormones(21U/mL PMSG, 21U /mL hGG and 1 $\mu$g /mL 17$\beta$-estradiol) and cumulus cells(1 x 105-6 cells). Survival rate was defined as development rate on in vitro culture or FDA-test. The results are summarized as follows ; 1. The in vitro maturation and fertilization rate of immature bovine oocytes on in vitro maturation period(1, 12, 24, 48 hrs) before rapid freezing4hawed were 57.1%, 45.7%, 37.1%, 25.7% and 40.0%, 31.4%, 20.0%, 11.4%, respectively. 2. The survival rate of immature bovine oocytes on in vitro maturation period(1, 12, 24, 48 hrs) before rapid freezing-thawed were 33.3%, 26.7%, 20.0%, and 10.0%, respectively. The survival rate of rapid freezing4hawed immature oocytes was significantly lower than that of non-freezing oocytes. 3. The survival rate of rapid freezing4hawed excellent and good bovine embryos co-cultured in 20% FCS + TCM-199 media containing hormones(PMSG, hCG, 17$\beta$-estradiol) and cumulus cells 4 to 5 hrs and 20 to 24 hrs were 35.0%, 15.0% and 25.0%, 15.0% and 40.0%, 20.0% and 30.0%, 15.0%, respectively. The survival rate of embryos co-cultured in TCM-199 media containing hormones and cumulus cells was significantly higher than that of non co-culture.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.640-646
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• 2009

In case of luxation injuries, loss of tooth vitality is common. And in case of trauma in the immature permanent teeth, precise diagnosis of pulp necrosis is very difficult. That is because limitation in distinguishing between normal dental papilla in immature permanent teeth, transient apical breakdown(TAB), which is part of normal healing process, and apical radiolucency in pulp necrosis. Especially in non-vital immature permanent tooth, the treatment is complex and requires long time. This clinical case report shows that severely infected immature teeth with periradicular periodontitis can undergo healing and apexogenesis or maturogenesis with no definative treatment or after conservative treatment. In the cases reported, we emphasize the considerable power of regeneration of the tooth, probably due to its large number of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in the dental papilla, pulp tissue, periodontal ligament tissues. Thus, when endodontic treatment in immature permanent teeth, over instrumentation is not recommend for preserve the apical vital stem cells.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 2003

In vitro culture of panicle has been the method to accumulate starch and protein in immature grains by providing nutrients after florets crossed between remote genotypes artificially. Grain filling means embryo development and sucrose translocation from photosynthetic source, and starch manufacture in endosperm. The concentrations of sucrose used to culture immature rice panicle were 5, 10, 15, 20% and glutamine was 20 mM. When immature rice panicles at 5 days after flowering were cultured in distilled water with different concentrations of sucrose, glutamine 20 mM and MS medium with different concentrations of sucrose, glutamine 20 mM for 30 days the later was effective on grain filling. The optimal concentration of sucrose on grain filling in vitro culture of rice panicle was 10% and the weight of grain cultured was 10.14 mg that was corresponded to 57% of intact plant. In the method of treating plant growth regulators, the culture of immature rice panicle adding in MS medium with Kinetin, IAA, $\textrm{GA}_3$ were effective on grain filling than the culturing of immature rice panicle after submerging in solutions of Kinetin, IAA, $\textrm{GA}_3$ for 1day. When immature rice panicle was cultured in MS medium with sucrose 10% and Kinetin 46.47 $\mu$M it was effective on grain filling, respectively. The weight of grain cultured was 13.1mg that was corresponded to 75% of intact and germination rate was 51 %. When immature rice panicles were cultured in medium with different concentrations combined with Kinetin 4.65, 46.47, 464.7 $\mu\textrm{M}$, IAA 5.71, 57.08, 570.80 $\mu\textrm{M}$ for 30 days and in medium with IAA 5.71, 57.08, 570.80 $\mu\textrm{M}$ for 15 days after culturing in medium with Kinetin 4.65, 46.47, 464.70 $\mu\textrm{M}$ for 15 days the effect on grain filling was similar.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2003

Immature and mature embryos of 18 Korean wheat genotypes were cultured in vitro to develop an efficient method of callus formation and plant regeneration, and to compare the responses of both embryo cultures. Immature and mature embryos were placed on a solid agar medium containing the MS salts and vitamins, 30g/l maltose, 2 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and amino acids. The developed calli were maintained on regeneration medium containing MS salts and B5 vitamins, 20 g/l sucrose, and the combination of two plant growth regulators, 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Immature embryos in most genotypes showed high efficiency of callus induction except three genotypes; Eunpamil, Chunggemil, and Namhaemil, and significant differences among the genotypes. Plant regeneration of calli induced from immature embryos showed high efficiency in Geurumil (56.5%), Tapdongmil (50.5%), Gobunmil (45.5%), and Urimil(42.2%). The analysis of variance showed significant differences for regeneration frequency among the genotypes. Mature embryos showed low callus induction frequency compared with that in immature embryos, and significant differences among the genotypes. Plant regeneration of calli induced from mature embryos showed high efficiency in Keumkangmil (33.33%), Tapdongmil(28.13%), and Geurumil (27.78%). The analysis of variance showed significant differences for plant regeneration frequency among the genotypes.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.336-342
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• 1994

Changes in physicochemical characteristics were investigated for immature barley kernels roasted at $160{\sim}220^{\circ}C$ for $1{\sim}12$ min. Only small differences in chemical constituents including starch, protein, fat, ash, total dietary fiber, and ${\beta}-glucan were observed between immature and mature barley kernels. The amounts of 75% ethanol-soluble sugars and amino acids present in immature barley kernels were considerably higher than those in mature kernels, and gradually decreased in the process of roasting. Of free sugars, sucrose, raffinose, glucodifructose($GF_{2}$) and maltose were reduced by roasting. Glucose and fructose, simple reducing sugars, decreased at the early stage of roasting, followed by a slight increase at the later stage. Starch and nitrogen contents decreased slowly, while TDF(total dietary fiber) had a tendency to increase slightly. Stacking volume of immature barley kernels increased markedly, especially at the higher temperatures. L value of immature barley decreased throughout roasting, and a, b values increased at the early stage of roasting but b value decreased with continued roasting. The degree of roasting was strongly affected by the roasting temperature. Darkness of immature barley kernel, depending on the degree of roasting, was highly associated with concentrations of brown pigments extracted from roasted immature barley kernels.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2013

Oreorchis coreana Finet is threatened globally by over-collection from its natural habitats for horticultural purposes. Its rarity in nature makes this plant one of the most endangered species in Korea. In this study, we investigated the effects of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on orchid seed viability and seed germination. An in vitro bioassay swelling test using immature seeds was compared with a standard chemical procedure using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) to test seed viability. In general, the bioassay was more appropriate for estimating embryo viability after a prolonged pre-treatment (more than 1 h) in 1% NaOCl, a surface sterilant often used to enhance germination of seeds of terrestrial plants. Therefore, an efficient method for investigating in vitro swelling of immature seeds is urgently needed. We established a method for determining the viability and swelling of O. coreana seeds via in vitro examination of immature seeds. Treatment of immature seeds with 1% NaOCl for 10 min greatly enhanced the extent of swelling of immature zygote embryos when compared to untreated seeds. These data obtained here appear to be comparable to viability and swelling that occurs in O. coreana seeds via asymbiotic germination.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.230-234
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• 2014

This study describes the treatment of an immature permanent tooth with periapical lesion which was treated with regenerative approach using platelet rich plasma (PRP). The root canal of immature human permanent tooth with periapical lesion was gently debrided of necrotic tissue and disinfected with 2.5% NaOCl, and then medicated with triple antibiotic paste comprised of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and tetracycline. When the tooth was asymptomatic, PRP and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) were placed into the root canal. Six months after PRP treatment, radiographical examination revealed resolution of the radiolucency and progressive thickening of the root wall and apical closure. Our findings suggest that PRP can be used for the treatment of immature permanent teeth with periapical lesion, as part of a regenerative endodontic treatment procedure.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.144-149
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• 2015

The peel of Citrus sunki exhibits multiple biological activities such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation and anti-obesity, but little is known about neurodegeneration-related activities. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of ethanolic extract from both immature and mature Citrus sunki peel on neuronal cell death. Treatment of the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y with $MPP^+$, an inducer of Parkinson disease model, increased cell death in a dose dependent manner. Increased levels of active caspase-3 and cleaved PARP were detected. Treatment with immature Citrus sunki peel extract significantly reduced $MPP^+$-induced neurotoxicity. Cytoprotection with immature Citrus sunki peel extract was associated with a decrease in caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. In contrast, mature Citrus sunki peel extract had no significant effects. These data suggest that immature Citrus sunki peel extract may exert anti-apoptotic effect through the inhibition of caspase-3 signaling pathway on $MPP^+$-induced neuronal cell death.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.43 no.4 s.137
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• pp.263-266
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• 2004

The immature stages of Tipula patagiata Alexander (Diptera, Tipulidae) are described. Detailed illustrations of the immature stages are provided.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.311-315
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• 2001

To identify the effects embryo developmental stage and gelrite concentration on plant regeneration in seed culture of rice, mature and immature seeds of rice were cultured on the $N_{6}$ medium supplemented with2 mg/$\ell$ 2.4-D and different levels of gelrite(0.2~1.0%). The calli formed immature embryos were produced more plants than those from mature embryos. The maximum frequency of plant regeneration was achieved in the culture of the calli of immature embryos which was harvested at the 21$^{th}$ day after pollination. The plant regeneration on the medium with gelrite was more accelerate than that on the medium with agar. The highest frequency(55%) of plant regeneration was obtained from the calli transferred to the medium with 6g/$\ell$ gelrite.