• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.271-276
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• 2000

Dry noodles were prepared with wheat flour and immature Rubes coreanus (Bogbunja) powder, and the effects of added immature bogbunja powders on dough rheology and noodle quality were examined. Particle size distribution of immature bogbunja powder ranged from 0.04 to $500\;{\um}m$, which was different from that of wheat flour. The initial pasting temperature, peak and final viscosities as well as setback increased in amylograph with the increase of immature bogbunja powder. The water absorption and dough development time increased, but the dough stability decreased in farinograph with the increase of immature bogbunja powder. Decrease of L and b values and increase of a value were shown with the increase of immature bogbunja powder in wheat flour-immature bogbunja powder composite as well as dry noodles. The cooked weight and volume of noodles decreased, but the cooking loss increased with the addition of immature bogbunja powder. Most of texture parameters (hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness, gumminess and tension) of cooked noodles decreased with the addition of immature bogbunja powder. From the result of sensory evaluation, dry noodles containing 1 and 2% immature bogbunja powder were rated as higher quality dry noodles than the others.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.118-125
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• 2015

Objective: The goal of this study was to evaluate the pregnancy potential of immature (metaphase I or germinal vesicle stage) oocytes retrieved in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles. Methods: A total of 1,871 couples with infertility underwent 2,984 ICSI cycles. Cycles in which three or fewer oocytes were retrieved were included in this study in order to evaluate the pregnancy potential of immature oocytes. Cycles were divided into five groups (group I-V), according to the maturation status of the oocytes at the time of cumulus cell removal and ICSI. The fertilization and pregnancy rates after ICSI were analyzed and compared among the study groups based on the maturation status of the retrieved oocytes. Results: The retrieval of only immature oocytes was associated with a significant decrease in the fertilization rate ($76.1%{\pm}37.3%$ vs. $49.0%{\pm}49.1%$, $66.7%{\pm}48.7%$; group I vs. group II, group III, respectively) and the average number of transferred embryos ($1.5{\pm}0.7$ vs. $1.1{\pm}0.4$, $1.1{\pm}0.6$). The cycle cancellation rate was significantly higher when only immature oocytes were retrieved. The clinical pregnancy rate decreased significantly when the transferred embryos had originated from immature oocytes (16.9% vs. 10.3%, 1.2%). Conclusion: In ICSI cycles, the fertilization potential and pregnancy potential of the immature oocytes retrieved in ICSI cycles were inferior to those of mature oocytes. Therefore, increasing the number of injectable oocytes and transferrable embryos by using immature oocytes after their spontaneous in vitro maturation does not necessarily improve pregnancy outcomes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.295-307
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• 2009

The principal objective of this study was to develop and standardize a preparation method for low-sodium tomato jangachi (traditional Korean pickle) via short-term fermentation with immature green cherry tomatoes. In order to determine the preferred concentrations of soy sauce and soaking temperatures of immature cherry tomato pickles in different stages of storage, we conducted an analysis of physico-chemical characteristics and microbiological properties, and also performed a preference test on samples of immature green cherry tomato pickles. Immature cherry tomatoes were prepared in three different soy sauce concentrations --20, 40, and 60%-- and three different soaking temperatures --60, 80, and 100$^{\circ}C$-- and then stored for 28 days at 5$^{\circ}C$. As a result, the pH increased significantly with increases in the amount of soy in the dipping solution (p<0.05). The saltiness was maintained at levels of approximately $0.17{\sim}0.28%$ (20% group), $0.32{\sim}0.67%$% (40%group), $0.48{\sim}1.00%$ (60% group) during storage periods. These results show that the saltiness of immature cherry tomato pickles was substantially lower than that of commercial pickles. The contents of reducing sugar and lightness decreased significantly with increasing concentrations of soy dipping solution. The redness and yellowness values of the tomatoes decreased significantly with increasing concentrations of soy sauce. Additionally, the lower the concentration of soy sauce used, the more rapidly the hardness of the immature cherry tomato pickles was reduced at 100$^{\circ}C$. PME activity moved within a narrow range, and then stabilized during the storage period. With regard to the results of the consumer preference test, 20%-100$^{\circ}C$ was the most preferred condition overall, 40%-80$^{\circ}C$ was the condition in which the texture was most preferred, and 40%-80$^{\circ}C$ was the condition that yielded the highest color scores.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.279-283
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• 2011

The immature embryos during seed development were examined to predict the suitable embryos for an efficient regeneration system. Five spring wheat genotypes and five winter wheat genotypes were tested using immature embryos as explants. Spring wheat genotypes showed much higher levels of plant regeneration than those of winter wheat genotypes. The highest frequencies of embryogenesis and regeneration were obtained when embryos at 13-14 days after anthesis (DAA) were used as explant and decreased using embryos at 21-22 DAA during seed development. Significant differences were also found for callus induction and regeneration as affected by immature embryo size. The regeneration efficiency was drastically decreased in spring and winter wheat genotypes when embryos larger than 2.0 mm of length were used. The optimum developmental stage and embryo length for regeneration efficiency were at 13-14 DAA and 1.0-1.5 mm, respectively. The selection of suitable embryos for the high frequencies of embryogenesis and regeneration leads us to efficient genetic improvement of wheat.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.44 no.1 s.138
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• pp.1-4
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• 2005

The immature stages of Nephrotoma virgata Coquillett (Diptera, Tipulidae) are described. Detailed illustrations of the immature stages are provided. It is the first to deal the immature stages of the genus Nephrotoma in Korea.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.51 no.10
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• pp.542-550
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• 2013

The immature teeth with apical periodontitis present considerable challenges to clinicians. Therefore, new treatment protocols have been suggested to overcome the problems encountered in traditional methods. Regenerative treatment (revascularization) is one of such methods. Many case reports on the revascularization of infected immature teeth have been published, and in most of them, immature teeth with even a periapical abscess continued root formation after the disinfection of the root canal system. We now believe that this continued root formation is not an exceptional incident. As a result, it appeared that apexification has been giving way to a revascularization technique, which is a new option, in treating necrotic immature teeth. These new methods appear to be based on the healing potential of stem cells. The potential of healing or regeneration of stem cells, which are located around teeth, seems to be greater than we thought before. This review summarizes the current techniques for considering regenerative endodontic treatment procedures in treating the immature permanent tooth with pulp necrosis.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.147-157
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of in vitro fertilization, culture and embryo development according to in vitro maturation rate, protectant composition and equilibrium time after frozen /thawing of bovine immature oocytes. This results obtained in studies on the effect of different cryoprotectants on the viability, maturation and development of in vitro bovine oocytes were as follow: 1.The post-thawing of immature oocytes matured to metaphase II during culture time for 0 to 26 h, and those group (62~3%) were low than control group (76.7%). The optimal maturation time of frozen-thawed immature oocytes was at 24 h. 2.The viability of cryopreserved immature oocytes was not affected by sort of cryoprotectants. The developmental competence of frozen4hawed oocytes was not affected by cryoprotectants. These results indicate that an optimal maturation time of frozen /thawed immature oocytes was at 24h. Furthermore the viability of cryopreserved immature oocytes was not affected by sort of cryoprotectants and developmental competence of frozen /thawed oocytes.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.315-324
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• 1997

This study was undertaken in an effort to develop a cryopreservation system of immature and mature porcine oocytes. For this aim, the experiments were designed to examine the effect of cryoprotectants and equdibration time on the viability of frozen-thawed oocytes by using trypan blue(TB) and fluorescene diacetate(FDA) test. The viability of frozen immature oocytes evaluated by TB test was slightly higher than that of frozen mature oocytes. The viability(25.O%) after IVM of frozen-thawed immature oocytes greatly decreased that(42.9%) of oocytes just after thawing, but it was higher than frozen-thawed mature oocytes(15.8%). When immature oocytes were equilibrated for 10, 20 and 30 minutes before freezing the oocyte viability was 20.0, 31.3 and 42.9%, respectively. There was a tendency for long equilibration before oocyte freezing to be more effective for the immature oocytes and a short equilibration time for mature oocytes. Although there was no difference in viability index of frozen oocytes hetween the viability test methods, the index of TB test was slightly higher than that of FDA test. The viability(FDA test) of frozen-immature oocytes with 3 different crtoprotectants was 22.2% for propylene glycol(PG), 9.3% for polyehtylene glycol(PEG) and 65.6% for PG+PEG, in which PG+PEG was more protective against freezing effect.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.44-53
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• 2021

The present work aims to study the induction of somatic embryogenesis in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) from immature zygotic embryos and young apical leaves obtained from 2-month-old seedlings through acorn germination on sterilized peat. The immature zygotic embryos were grown for 1 month on the mineral solution of MS in the presence of 4.52 µM 2,4-D and 30 g/L sucrose. They were then transferred to the same mineral solution with no added growth regulators. In the third subculture, yellow somatic embryos, characterized by two voluminous cotyledons, were differentiated from the radicle of the immature zygotic embryos. The induction of somatic embryogenesis in young leaves required a series of transfers on different culture media containing 30 g/L sucrose and 100 mg/L myo-inositol. Secondary or recurrent somatic embryogenesis occurred within the immature somatic embryo radicles after 1 month of culture on growth regulator-free medium containing WPM macronutrients, MS micronutrients, and vitamins.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.123-128
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• 2000

To enhance in vitro plantlet regeneration efficiency of soybean through embryogenesis, the culture conditions such as material part and size of immature seed, 2,4-D, pH and solidifying agents for somatic embryogenesis were investigated. Somatic embryogenesis was induced from the immature embryo, immature cotyledon and embryonic axis explants of the immature seed on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D. The highest rate (up to 22.9%) of somatic embryogenesis was obtained from the immature cotyledon, following embryonic axis and the immature embryo. The rate varied with the developmental stages of seed. The maximum rate (25.4%) of embryogenesis was obtained from 3-4 mm length of the seed (after 25 days of flowering). The optimum concentration of 2,4-D for embryogenesis was 10 mg/L. The optimum pH was at 5.8 and solidifying agent for medium was better with 0.4% gelrite than with agar. For rapid multiplication of shoot tips from the germinating somatic embryos, they were cultured on MS medium containing 2 mg/L indole-3-butyyic acid (IBA) and 1 mg/L 6-benzyladenine (BA). After then somatic embryos with one and three cotyledons were transferred to the growth regulator free medium. The medium exhibited the higher rate (ca. 50%) of development than the multiplication medium.