• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 1993

In complex decision making such as ill-defined system, one of the main problem is how to treat ambiguous aspect of the decision making. According to the complexity and ambiguity of the objective systems, many types of evaluation attributes are necessary for the rational decision and the relationship among the attributes become complex and fuzzy. Fuzzy integral is very effective to evalute the complex system with interaction between attributes but how to save the evaluation efforts in the decision making process of grading the membership of the objects or alternative is the problem to be tackled. Because the more object there are to evaluate, the number of decisions to made increase exponentially. Therefore, this paper aimes to propose a new evaluation algorithm based on fuzzy integral which can save the evaluator's efforts in decision making process. The proposed algorithm is constructed as follows : First, compose the fuzzy measure by introducing AHP(Analytical Hierachy Process) & mutual interaction coefficient. Second, generate fuzzy measure value of monotone family set for calculating the fuzzy integral. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is investigated through the example and sensitivity of interaction coefficient is illustrated.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.125-135
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• 1992

In various viscus flow problems it has been the custom to replace the convective derivative by the ordinary partial derivative in problems for which the data are small. In this paper we consider the Benard Convection problem with small data and compare the solution of this problem (assumed to exist) with that of the linearized system resulting from dropping the nonlinear terms in the expression for the convective derivative. The objective of the present work is to derive an estimate for the error introduced in neglecting the convective inertia terms. In fact, we derive an explicit bound for the L$_{2}$ error. Indeed, if the initial data are O(.epsilon.) where .epsilon. << 1, and the Rayleigh number is sufficiently small, we show that this error is bounded by the product of a term of O(.epsilon.$^{2}$) times a decaying exponential in time. The results of the present paper then give a justification for linearizing the Benard Convection problem. We remark that although our results are derived for classical solutions, extensions to appropriately defined weak solutions are obvious. Throughout this paper we will make use of a comma to denote partial differentiation and adopt the summation convention of summing over repeated indices (in a term of an expression) from one to three. As reference to work of continuous dependence on modelling and initial data, we mention the papers of Payne and Sather [8], Ames [2] Adelson [1], Bennett [3], Payne et al. [9], and Song [11,12,13,14]. Also, a similar analysis of a micropolar fluid problem backward in time (an ill-posed problem) was given by Payne and Straughan [10] and Payne [7].

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.55 no.7
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• pp.545-556
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• 2022

It is recommended to use long-term hydrometeorological data for more than the service life of the hydraulic structures and water resource planning. For the purpose of expanding rainfall data, stochastic simulation models, such as Modified Bartlett-Lewis Rectangular Pulse (BLRP) and Neyman-Scott Rectangular Pulse (NSRP) models, have been widely used. The optimal parameters of the model can be estimated by repeatedly comparing the statistical moments defined through a combination of parameters of the probability distribution in the optimization context. However, parameter estimation using relatively small observed rainfall statistics corresponds to an ill-posed problem, leading to an increase in uncertainty in the parameter estimation process. In addition, as shown in previous studies, extreme values are underestimated because objective functions are typically defined by the first and second statistical moments (i.e., mean and variance). In this regard, this study estimated the parameters of the NSRP model using the objective function with the third moment and compared it with the existing approach based on the first and second moments in terms of estimation of extreme rainfall. It was found that the first and second moments did not show a significant difference depending on whether or not the skewness was considered in the objective function. However, the proposed model showed significantly improved performance in terms of estimation of design rainfalls.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.49-69
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• 1997

The urgent needs to establish hospice care systems in Korea arise from the following reasons: 0) a drastic increase in chronically ill patients with the increase of aged population: (2) rapid changes in living environment from the traditional habitation (e. g., Many Koreans living in apartment complexes, which is the most popular form of modern residence in recent years, prefer to die in the hospital.): the overall increase in patients with advanced cancer: (4) recent trends in early discharge of terminally ill patients from the limited hospital facilities to accomodate other medical insurance beneficiaries; (5) easy acceptance of euthanasia owing to the recent social atmosphere that belittles the dignity of human life; (6) medical and nursing care of AIDS patient in terminal stage; (7) and the problem associated with inhumane medical care system, overtreatment, and groundless fears against narcotics. Terminally ill patients were used to be treated in the hospital in the past. In these days, however, they are forced to have home cares with little assistance from the qualified medical personnel because of insufficient hospital facilities, which are even short for the need of emergency patients and provide priority cares to medical insurance beneficiaries with other acute problems. And yet, neither are there any administrative organizations nor systematic medical studies that deal with the level of terminally ill patient's need, their family's problems and resources of hospice care systems in Korea. Thus, most patients are not able to get appropriate medical care at the terminal stage of their lives. The objective of this study is to make comprehensive database for various hospice care organization currently in operation, link them through medical information system, and develop an easily accessible hospice care model that meets the need of most Korean people. Our survey results may be summarized as follows: Nationally there are 40 organizations that provide partial or full hospice care. However, these organizations are not linked to any formal medical service network. Furthermore, the objective of hospice care, care principles, personnel with appropriate training, educational programs, standard for care, costs, consulting service to patients' family members, the extent of medical care from professional staff members, status of hospice facility, and management of those institutions are neither clearly defined nor organized compared to the international hospice care standards. The surveys on patients of terminal stage. grouped in hospice and non-hospice care patients. reveal what they want visiting nursing care to help their pain control. psychological. social and spiritual demands. While the more than 90% of hospice care patients want to reduce their pains. the non-hospice care patients. in addition to their desire for pain control. demanded more psychological. social and spiritual helps as well. The results of this research could be utilized to 0) define the standard of hospice care. (2) provide the guidance for hospice medical care costs. (3) establish the database of hospice care systems. (4) develop softwares. (5) build communication network through Medinet. and (6) provide an organized visiting home nursing care system. These information should be a valuable resource to many medical staffs who are involved in cancer therapy. nursing care. and social welfare programs.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.133-157
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• 2012

This paper aims to propose the strategy making in social enterprise for ensuring organizational sustainability and governance of social enterprise from systems thinking's perspective. Based on previous reviews on organizational sustainability and theories of governance currently advocated in the social enterprise literature, we use 'Holon Dynamics' approach, which is a synthesis of System Dynamics and Soft Systems Methodology (SSM), offers the problem-solving method for dealing with social contexts and "ill-defined" situations. To do so, a researcher carried out the interpretive action research using 'Holon Dynamics' approach from September, 2009 to August, 2010. The outcomes of research are summarized as follows. Firstly, systems methodologies are useful to offer a strategic choice that makes to achieve an organizational sustainability in the case of Korean social enterprise; 'the Rediscovery of Korea'. Secondly, systems thinking offers an alternative concept of system, which is known as an 'appreciative system' that is evolved from the mental constructs amongst participants in given situations. Lastly, the paper delineates the usefulness of systems thinking and the process of inquiry, which deal with social contexts (including cultural and political factors), are contributed to making the necessary conditions for organizational legitimacy and the appropriate strategic choice for social enterprise within combined functioning of the two roles of social and commercial activities from systemic perspectives.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.157-163
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• 1996

A single line display menu (SDM) is widely used for the user interface of many electronic consumer products, and the designers need useful guidelines applicable to the SDM. In many studies on menus, major focus has been placed on the optimal menu structure, but only a few standard menu structures, such as $64^{1},8^{2},4^{3}$,and $2^{6}$ are usually tested for optimality. In many cases, however, ill defined or asymmetric structures are suggested as design alternatives. To determine the optimal menu structure, user performance should be obtained in terms of quantitative measures. Hence, a model is needed to provide a predicted value of user performance for a given menu structure. Altough several models have been proposed for ordinary menus, none is available for the SDM yet. To solve this problem a performance model was developed in this study using the neural network approach. This model is capable of providing quantitative measures of human performance for any menu structures without conducting additional experiments, which will save much time and reduce the design cost.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.888-894
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• 2011

Blackboard architecture was designed as a means for dealing with ill-defined and complex problems. In order to improve the efficiency of the systems using blackboard architecture, this paper proposes a mechanism for fast detection of knowledge source activations which can contribute potentially to the problem solving of blackboard systems, whenever the state of blackboard is changed. The proposed mechanism uses a Rete network generated from the activation conditions subscribed by all knowledge sources to process the pattern matching between blackboard data and the activation conditions efficiently.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.11-28
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• 2002

The purposes of this study were to analyze elementary school mathematics textbooks developed in accordance with the 7th national amended curriculum and to find implications for the development of a new revised curriculum to meet the needs of the knowledge-based society. Elementary school mathematics textbooks and accompanying practice books were analyzed. Teacher's manuals were also studied to examine the intentions of the textbook developers. The two major questions were sought. First, to what degree do elementary school mathematics textbooks and practice books match with the intentions of the national curriculum\ulcorner Second, how do elementary school mathematics textbooks and practice books facilitate student's learning for understanding mathematics\ulcorner The findings were as follows. First textbooks, practice books, and teacher's manuals appeared not to reflect the intentions of the 7th amended curriculum to the full extent. Second, characteristics and roles of textbooks, practice books, and teacher's manuals were not clearly defined and therefore, they were not very feasible for teaming for understanding mathematics. The recommendations for a new revised curriculum were suggested. First, regarding the contents presented in the textbooks, the idea of structure of subject matter need to be considered in order to help students to understand connections of concepts and relationships between concepts and functions in mathematics. Second, more ill defined problems should be presented to develop problem solving ability in real life contexts in students. Third, contents for relearning and enrichment need to be reorganized to reflect students' real ability. Fourth, uses of the concrete and the manipulative need to be more realistically suggested. Fifth, more prototypes of performance assessment tasks, scoring rubrics, and portfolios need to be presented in a more teacher-friendly manner. Sixth, characteristics and roles of textbooks and practice books need to be more discernible.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.993-1003
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• 2017

Teachers expect team-based project learning to help students develop collaborative and real-world problem solving skills. In practice, however, students tend to solve problems with simple division of labor, and there is a tendency that learning transfer does not occur in solving problems. The purpose of this study is to develop a collaborative learning model based on the transactive memory system (TMS) and to verify its effectiveness. The collaborative learning model based on the TMS is composed of three stages. The first stage is developing TMS. In this stage, the students learn physics concepts and make knowledge about the expertise of group members through peer instruction. The second stage, activating TMS, is building trust through solving well-defined problems for developing near-transfer. And in the third stage, applying TMS, the students solve an ill-defined problem based on real-world context for practicing far-transfer. Based on this model, a 15-week program including two projects on geometric optics and sound waves was developed and applied to 60 college students. The data for five weeks of one project were collected and analyzed. As a result, the TMS of the experimental group with the TMS-based collaborative learning model improved stepwise. Whereas, the difference between the first week and the last week was statistically significant, while the TMS change of the comparison group using the general project learning model was not significant. Also, the experimental group showed that the learning transfer occurred better in the project than the comparison group. A collaborative learning model based on TMS can be used to learn how students gain synergy through collaboration and how students collaboratively transfer the learned concepts in problem solving.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1049-1062
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• 2015

To understand the synergy of collaboration and to apply this understanding to education, an analysis of how a team solves a problem and the sharing of their mental models is needed. This paper analyzed two things qualitatively to find out the source of synergy in a collaborative problem-solving process. First, the sharing contents in team mental model and second, the process of sharing the team mental model. Ten gifted middle school students collaborated to solve an ill-defined problem called sunshine through foliage problem. The gifted students shared the following results after the collaboration: First, scientific concept prior to common idea or the idea that all group members have before the discussions; second, unique individual ideas of group members; and third, created ideas that were not originally in the personal mental model. With created ideas, the team model becomes more than the sum of individuals. According to the results of process analysis, in the process of sharing mental model, the students proposed and shared the most important variable first. This result implied that the analysis of the order of sharing ideas is important as much as finding shared ideas. Also, the result shows that through their collaboration, the gifted students' shared mental model became more refined and expanded as compared to their individual prior mental models. It is recommended that these results can be used to measure shared mental model and develop collaborative learning models for students.