• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.539-555
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• 2009

The potential of encapsulated inuloprebiotics from domestic Jerusalem artichokes (Helianthustuberosus) as natural antibacterial growth promotor for an antibiotic replacement in broiler chickens was presently assessed through assays of growth performance, serum immunoglobulin production and influence on caecal microflora. Two hundred-forty, 1-day-old, male broilers (Ross 308) were randomly allotted to four treatments (T1-T4), with three replicate pens per treatment and 20 chicks per pen. Broiler chicks were fed a basal diet (T1: control) or basal diet plus antibiotics (T2: Chlorotetracycline, 0.10%), 300 ppm of the inuloprebiotics (T3), or 450 ppm of the inuloprebiotics (T4) for 35 days. Body weight, dressing percentage or weight of breast and thigh muscles relative to carcass weight of T3 and T4 broiler chickens was significantly (P<0.05) higher than T1 and T2 broiler chickens. The weight of abdominal fat from T3 and T4 broiler chickens were significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of T1 and T2 chickens. Serum immunoglobulins in the T3 and T4 groups were significantly (P<0.05) elevated compared to the T1 and T2 groups. The weight of immune organs, thymus and Bursa of Fabricius relative to live body weight in the T3 and T4 groups were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the T1 and T2 groups. Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus, which are beneficial bacteria, were present in greater numbers in the caecum of T3 and T4 birds than T1 and T2 groups, whereas potentially harmful Escherichiacoli and Salmonella were present in lower numbers, with differences being significant (P<0.05). These results suggest that a diet supplemented with 300 ppm of inuloprebiotics has potential as an antibiotic replacement for organic livestock feed supplement intended to improve production of broiler chicken.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.735-743
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• 2009

The common word flavonoids is often used to classify a family of natural compounds, highly abundant in all higher plants, that have received significant therapeutic interest in recent years. Naringin is associated with a reduced risk of heart disease, neurodegenerative disease, cancer and other chronic diseases; however the molecular basis of this effect remains to be elucidated. Thus we attempted to elucidate the anti-allergic effect of Naringin in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma model mice. The OVA-induced mice showed allergic reactions in the airways. These included an increase in the number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, an increase in inflammatory cell infiltration into the lung around blood vessels and airways, airway luminal narrowing, and the development of airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). The administration of Naringin before the last airway OVA challenge resulted in a significant inhibition of all asthmatic reactions. Accordingly, this study may provide evidence that Naringin plays a critical role in the amelioration of the pathogenetic process of asthma in mice. These findings provide new insight into the immunopharmacological role of Naringin in terms of its effects on asthma in mice.

• Proceedings of the Korean Journal of Food and Nutrition Conference
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• 2000.12a
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• pp.29-34
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• 2000

산업 발달에 따라 날로 많은 식품들이 새롭게 개발되어지고 있다. 또한 이와 병행해서 식품으로 인한 알레르기 발생 빈도도 날로 증가하고 있으며 그 증상 또한 점차 심화되고 있는 것이 세계적인 추세이다. 우리나라도 예외는 아니어서 일반 알레르기 환자뿐 아니라 식품으로 인한 알레르기 환자들이 점차 증가됨이 보고되어지고 있다. 농산물 시장의 수입개방이후 우리나라에는 많은 해외 농산물이 수입되어지고 있으며 그 중 작년 한해의 경우 총 수입 농산물의 10%를 넘는 유전자 재조합 농산물이 우리나라에 수입되어진 것으로 통계 보고되어졌다. 이러한 관점에서 알레르기 환자의 증가와 새로운 식품 (특히 유전자 재조합 식품)의 증가에는 서로 관련성이 있을 것으로 추측되어지고 있어 (새로운) 식품에 대한 알레르기성의 예측과 관리가 필요한 실정이다. 이에 몇몇 발표된 유전자 재조합 식품에 관련된 알레르기성 검사 논문들과 실험실에서 이루어진 연구 결과들을 중심으로 유전자 재조합 식품의 알레르기 위험성에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 일반적으로 식품의 단백질이 알레르겐(allergen)으로 작용하기 위해서는 먼저 소화효소에 의해 분해되어지고 장에서 흡수되어져서 immunopotent cell에 의해 process 되어 immune system에 present 되어져야 한다. 따라서 단백질로 인한 알레르기 반응은 그 단백질의 자연적 형태 뿐만이 아니라 소화 효소에 분해된 단편들의 구조 또는 다른 알레르겐 단백질과의 유사 구조로 인한 교차 반응에 의해 발생함을 기억해야 한다. 식품 단백질 중 어떤 단백질이 알레르겐으로 작용하는가에 대한 특이성 조사에 많은 관심이 집중되어지고 있지만 아직까지는 대략 다섯 개 정도의 일반적인 특성으로서 요약되어질 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 대략의 특성에 적용되지 않는 식품 알레르겐도 많음을 잊어서는 안 될 것이다. 알레르겐으로 작용하는 식품 단백질의 일반적 특성 1. 좋은 수용성 2. 식품내에 많은 부분을 차지하는 주 단백질이 주 알레르겐으로 작용 3. 단백질내에 하나 이상의 IgE-binding site 존재 4. 위장액에 대한 저항성 5. 10～70 kDa 크기 유전자 재조합 기술이란 말 그대로 유전자를 인위적으로 새롭게 조합하는 기술로 이전의 기술로는 불가능했던 유전적 변형을 농작물과 동물에 가능하게 했으며 이로 인해 유전적으로 변형된 식용 동식물의 개발이 가능하게 되었다. 새로운 유전인자를 개체에 삽입함으로 새로운 단백질이 발현 될수 있고 그로 인해 1) 해충과 질병에 대한 저항성 증가, 2) 화학 제초제에 대한 새로운 저항성 부여, 3) 식품의 저장성 향상, 4) 식품의 영향적 보충/향상 등의 이점을 얻을 수 있다 (표 1). 세계적으로 유전자 재조합 된 새로운 농산물의 재배는 날로 증가추세에 있으며 그 중에서 가장 많은 부분을 차지하는 농산물로 soybean을 들 수 있으며 (표 2) soybean을 중심으로 그 알레르기성의 변화가 연구 조사된 몇 가지 예를 살펴보고자 한다. (표 3)에 요약된 soybean중 첫 번째 경우는 재초제에 대한 저항성을 높여주기 위해 Agrobacterium에 존재하는 EPSPS라는 단백질을 콩에서 발현하도록 찬 유전자 재조합 된 콩의 경우이다. 이 콩의 경우에는 첫째. 이전된 새로운 단백질 EPSPS가 다른 여러 식물에 이미 존재하고 있는 단백질로서 우리가 이미 이러한 식품을 섭취할 때 이 단백질도 같이 섭취해오고 있었다는 점, 둘째. 이 단백질이 소화액 분해 실험에서 짧은 시간내에 분해가 되었다는 점, 셋째. 재조합 된 콩과 자연 콩이 성분 분석에서 차이를 나타내지 않았다는 점, 네 번째. 쥐를 통한 다양섭취 실험에서 아무런 이상 반응이 없었다는 점등의 결과를 기준으로 알레르기에 대한 개별 검사 없이 안전한 콩으로 결론짓고 있다. 영양성을 높이기 위해 Brazil nut에서 methionine 함량이 풍부한 2s albumine을 콩에서 발현하도록 한 두 번째 유전자 재조합 콩의 경우 이전된 단백질 때문에 Brazil nut에 알레르기 반응을 일으키는 알레르기 환자들을 조사한 결과 역시 재조합 된 콩에도 알레르기 반응을 일으켰다는 보고이다. Brazil nut에서 콩으로 이전된 단백질이 Brazil nut에서의 알레르기성을 그대로 유지한 점을 볼 때 새로운 단백질이 어디에서 유래하는가가 중요함을 잘 보여준 연구이다 세 번째 콩의 경우 역시 영양성을 높여주기 위해 corn에서 10 kDa과 HSZ 단백질을 콩에서 발현하도록 유전자 재조합했는데 이 콩의 경우는 알레르기 환자들이 유전자 재조합 된 콩과 자연 콩에 반응의 차이를 나타내지 않았다는 결과 보고이다. 위의 세 실험 결과들을 종합해 볼 때 무엇보다도 새롭게 발현된 단백질이 원래 어떤 성질을 갖고 있으며 어디에서 유래했는지가 알레르기성 조사에 중요한 역할을 한다 할 수 있겠다. 또한 유전자 재조합된 식품들은 알레르기 환자들을 위해 표기되어져야 할 것인데 이를 위한 알레르기성 검사 실험은 공공단체를 통해 이루어져야 할 것이며 환자들마다 알레르겐으로 작용하는 단백질의 인식부위(epitope)가 다를 수 있기 때문에 적어도 10명 이상의 알레르기 환자들이 조사되어져서 검사가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 환자들의 혈청을 통한 in vitro 실험에서는 ELISA, RAST, immunoblotting과 같은 검사 방법들이 적용될 수 있고, 그 결과가 음성인 경우에 그 다음 단계로 in vivo 실험에서는 직접 환자의 피부반응검사 (skin prick test)나 DBPCFC (double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge) 검사 방법을 통해 확인되어져서 이 모든 경우가 음성인 경우와 하나라도 양성인 경우를 구별하여 식품에 표기함으로 알레르기 환자들의 유전자 재조합 식품에 대한 안전성이 보장되어져야 할 것이다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.471-477
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• 2000

Background : Coughing is the most common complaint for which patients seek medical service. When caughing continues over 3 weeks in non-smokers who do not take cough-provoking drugs, they are classified as patients with chronic cough. Three well known main causes of chronic caugh are postnasal drip syndrome, bronchial asthma and gastroesophaseal reflux disease. Among them, postnasal drip syndrome is reported to be the most common cause of all in chronic cough diseases, and allergic inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of postnasal drip syndrome. CD23 and CD25 which are low affinity receptor for IgE and IL-2 receptor alpha, respectively, are closely related to allergic inflammation and their roles were evaluated in chronic cough patients. Methods : We evaluated 105 patients with chronic cough and selected 56 patients for measurement of serum CD23 & CD25 levels. We selected 10 normal, medical students for comparison of serum CD23 & CD25 levels. Result : The postnasal drip syndrome was found to be the most common cause of chronic cough. Serum CD23 and CD25 did not increase in chronic cough patient compared to normal controls. However in bronchial asthma patient, serum CD23 level was increased relative to normal control (p<0.05). Conclusion : In bronchial asthma presented as chronic cough, lymphocyte mediated allergic inflammation may related with the pathogenesis of the disease.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.5
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• pp.183-202
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• 2002

Die vorliegende Arbeit verfolgt zwei Ziele: zum einen sollen die Entwicklungen in der modernen zweisprachigen Lexikographie mit Ausgangssprache Deutsch skizzenhaft vorgestellt und einige Forschungsdefizite benannt werden, zum anderen sollen die Ergebnisse und Methoden der neueren Lexikographie anhand von Beispielartikeln der drei $einschl\"{a}gigen$ deutsch-koreanischen $Gro{\ss}w\"{o}rterblicher$ kontrastiert und diskutiert werden. Zuerst wird eine Typologie der zweisprachigen $W\"{o}rterb\"{u}cher$ erstellt, derzufolge es jeweils 2 aktive und 2 passive Worterblicher pro Sprachenpaar gibt. Das Aktiv-Passiv­Prinzip gilt als ein grundlegender Ausgangspunkt $f\"{u}r$ die zweisprachige Lexikographie. Eine Erweiterung der Unterscheidungskriterien scheint nicht $zweckm\"{a}{\ss}ig$ und angesichts praktischer Schwierigkeiten auch kaum realisierbar. $Pl\"{a}diert\;wird\;f\"{u}r\;eine\;st\"{a}rkere\;Ber\"{u}cksichtigung$ der Benutzungssituationen, zu denen z.B. der Grad der Sprachbeherr­schung der jeweiligen Benutzergruppe, die $m\"{o}glichen\;Benutzungsanl\"{a}sse$, der Kenntnisstand $bez\"{u}glich$ der Benutzerhinweise sowie die technische Geschicklichkeit bei der $W\"{o}rterbuch-benutzung\;etc.\;zu\;z\"{a}hlen$ sind. In makrostruktueller Hinsicht werden die Selektion und die Anordnung der Lemmata diskutiert. Bei der Lemmaauswahl $w\"{a}re\;es\;w\"{u}nschenswert$, auf der Grundlage eines Lemmavergleiches der verschiedensten Quellenworterbucher ein datenbasiertes Korpus zu erstellen. Dazu $k\"{o}nnten$ folgende Materialien ausgewertet werden: (1) einsprachige allgemeine (ad spezielle) $W\"{o}rterb\"{u}cher$ (z.B. Deutsch/Koreanisch), (2) zweisprachige allgemeine (od spezielle) Worterblicher (z.B. Deutsch-Koreanisch, Deutsch-Englisch) etc. Die $blo{\ss}e\;\"{U}bersetzung$ lediglich eines einzigen $Quellenw\"{o}rterbuches\;k\"{o}nnte$ dagegen zu $unerw\"{u}nschten\;Einseitigkeiten\;f\"{u}hren$. Was die Anordnung der Lemmata in zweisprachigen $W\"{o}rterb\"{u}chern$ betrifft, $k\"{o}nnen$ dieselben drei makrostrukturellen Typen unterschieden werden, wie in einsprachigen $W\"{o}rterb\"{u}chern$: (1) glattalphabetisch, (2) nischenalphabetisch, (3) nestalphabetisch. Unter den zu untersuchenden $W\"{o}rterb\"{u}chern$ weisen das EDK und das HDK die nischenalpha­betische Makrostruktur auf, das MDK ist dagegen nestalphabetisch angeordnet. Je nachdem, wie die Polysemiestruktur und die Mehr-Wort-Einheit kombinieren, werden die drei Arten der Mikrostruktur unterschieden: (1) die integrierte Mikrostruktur, (2) die nichtintegrierte Mikrostruktur, (3) die partiell integrierte Mikrostruktur. $W\"{a}hrend$ das EDK und das HDKeine integrierte Mikrostruktur besitzen, weist das HDK eine partiell integrierte Mikrostruktur auf. Die Artikelgestaltung durch die nichtintegrierte Mikrostruktur, die $h\"{a}ufig$ in der zweisprachigen Lexikographie angewandt wird und entsprechende Vorteile besitzt, sallte $k\"{u}nftig\;als\;Gestaltungsm\"{o}glichkeit\;st\"{a}rker$in Betracht gezogen werden. In Bezug auf die Organisation der Mikrostruktur werden vier Bauteile, das sind Lemma-, $\"{A}quivalent-$, Diskriminator- und Beispielangaben untersucht. Die $\"{U}bersetzungs\"{a}quivalente$ werden je nach dem lexikalisch-semantischen Abdeckungsgrad mit dem Lemma in drei Typen eingeteilt: (1) $Voll\"{a}quivalent,\;(2)\;Teil\"{a}quivalent,\;(3)\;Null\"{a}quivalent$. In der Mehrheit kommen die Teil- oder $Null\"{a}quivalente$ vor, weil die ausgangssprachlichen Lemmata und die zielsprachlichen $\"{A}quivalente$ in sich Polysemiestruktur aufweisen. $Informationsm\"{a}ngel$ auszugleichen ist die Funktion des Diskriminators, in dem Glosse, Markierungen und metasprachliche $Erl\"{a}uterungen$ zusammenwirken. $Verbesserungsw\"{u}rdig\;sind\;die\;g\"{a}ngigen$ deutsch-koreanischen $W\"{o}rterb\"{u}cher$ var allem im Hinblick auf die stilistischen Markierungen; die Inkongruenz des Stils zwischen den beiden verschiedenen Sprachen wird bislang zu wenig $ber\"{u}cksichtigt$ und sagar in ein und demselben $W\"{o}rterbuch$ nicht konsequent dargestellt. Trotz der relativen $Geringsch\"{a}tzung$ von Beispielangaben in der $europ\"{a}ischen$ zweisprachigen passiven Lexikographie sallte diesen in deutsch-koreanischen $W\"{o}rterb\"{u}chern$ mehr Aufmerksamkeit gewidrnet werden. Sie sind dem koreanischen Benutzer eine wichtige Hilfe, indem sie die $\"{A}quivalentenangaben\;implizite\;erg\"{a}nzen$ und Informationen $\"{u}ber$ die syntaktisch-semantische und pragmatische Kontextrestriktion bieten. $Dar\"{u}berhinaus$ stellen sie selbst interessante kulturelle, geistige und landeskundliche etc. Informationen dar. Was den Artikelaufbau betrifft, wird das Van Dale-Modell diskutiert, d.h. das kategoriell-semantisch-alphabetische Prinzip, das trotz mancher Kritikpunkte viele interessante Anregungen $f\"{u}r$ die zweisprachige Lexikographie Deutsch-Koreanisch bietet, wo z.B. noch nicht die $Pr\"{a}positionen$ in der Beispielangabe durch typographische Hervorhebung $pr\"{a}sentiert$ worden sind. Aus $Platzgr\"{u}nden$ sind hier nur wenige Beispielartikel mit substantivischen Lemmata $angef\"{u}hrt$ und analysiert worden. Um die $h\"{o}here$ Generalisierbarkeit zu erreichen, brauchen die Untersuchungs- materialien mindestens einen bestimmten Umfang. Derartige empirische Forschungen $k\"{o}nnen$ als Impulse dazu beitragen, $k\"{u}nftige\;W\"{o}rterb\"{u}cher$ im Sinne einer $Ber\"{u}cksichtigung$ neuerer lexikographischer Erkenntnisse verbessern zu helfen.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.90-98
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• 1998

Background : The CD4+ T-helper cells comprise functionally distinct subsets of Th1 and Th2 cells that are distinguished on the basis of differential cytokines production Th1 cells secrete interferon-$\gamma$, lymphotoxin, interleukin-2. Th2 cells produce interleukin-4, interleukin-5, interleukin-10. A previous study shown that Th2 cells and their cytokines increased in patients with atopic asthma. We compared cytokines(IL-4, IFN-$\gamma$) activity and subpopulation of T-lymphocytes in peripheral blood from atopic asthmatics versus non-asthmatics. Method: Fifteen patients with atopic asthma(nine men, six women), twelve patients with chronic bronchitis(six men, six women), five healthy persons(three men, two women) were studied. Activity of IL-4, IFN-$\gamma$ and T-cell subpopulation in peripheral blood were estimated. Results: Patients had a median age of 55yr. The mean activity of IL-4 of asthmatics was significantly increased(control $0.75{\pm}1.1pmol/L$, atopic asthmatics $3.50{\pm}0.75pmol/L$, chronic bronchitis $2.01{\pm}1.2pmol/L$), but IFN-$\gamma$ was not significantly increased. In the T lymphocyte sunsets the percent of CD62L+ T-lymphoeytes of asthmatics was not significantly increased (control $16.7{\pm}16.4%$, atopic asthmatics $24.8{\pm}23.6%$, chronic bronchitis $17.0{\pm}16.9%$). Conclusion: In this study elevated production of IL-4 was observed in atopic asthmatics. CD62L+T-lymphoeytes was not increased in atopic asthma.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.16 no.4 s.50
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• pp.411-427
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• 2006

This study aimed to recognize characteristics of groundwater flow in fractured bedrocks based on zonal pump-ing tests, slug tests, water quality logs and borehole TV camera logs conducted on two boreholes (NJ-11 and SJ-8) in the city of Naju. Especially, the zonal pumping tests using sin91e Packer were executed to reveal groundwater flow characteristics in the fractured bedrocks with depth. On borehole NJ-11, the zonal pumping tests resulted in a flow dimension of 1.6 with a packer depth of 56.9 meters. It also resulted in lower flow dimensions as moving to shallower packer depths, reaching a flow dimension of 1 at a 24 meter packer depth. This fact indicates that uniform permissive fractures take place in deeper zones at the borehole. On borehole SJ-8, a flow dimension of 1.7 was determined at the deepest packer level (50 m). Next, a dimension of 1.8 was obtained at 32 meters of packer depth, and lastly a dimension of 1.4 at 19 meters of packer depth. The variation of flow dimension with different packer depths is interpreted by the variability of permissive fractures with depth. Zonal pumping tests led to the utilization of the Moench (1984) dual-porosity model because hydraulic characteristics in the test holes were most suitable to the fractured bedrocks. Water quality logs displayed a tendency to increase geothermal temperature, to increase pH and to decrease dissolved oxygen. In addition, there was an increasing tendency towards electrical conductance and a decreasing tendency towards dissolved oxygen at most fracture zones.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.168-180
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• 1987

This study was performed to observe histopathological changes and serological reactions in chronic anisakiasis of rabbits. Each rabbit was infected per os with 30 larvae of Anisakis type I. Their sera were collected chronologically and the rabbits were killed for histopathological examination, 3, 13, 20, 30, 60, 90 and 150 days after the infection. The results were summarized as below. 1. Most of the larvae were recovered from the stomach, but a few from the omentum, intestine, mesentery and abdominal wall. The recovery rates and distribution of worms by organ were not differed by duration of infection. 2. Histologically the lesion was abscess type on 13 days, i.e., the dead worms were surrounded by fibrinous exudate, histiocytes and thick zone of numerous inflammatory cells. After 30 days, histiocytes were found to invade the worms and the lesion was changing into abscessgranulomatous type. Also a calcified worm was found on the 30th day. After then the worms were observed to be dissolved slowly until 90 days. On 150 day, only one calcified worm was observed. 3. The levels of serum IgG antibody by ELISA reached their maximum 30 days after the infection. After then, it decreased slowly until 150 days after the infection. Above serological and histopathological findings indicated that antigenic stimulation from degenerating Anisakis larvae was the greatest during the first 30 days after infection. This period was corresponding with the beginning of worm resolution or calcification. Serologic test by ELISA would be a valuable tool for confirming chronic anisakiasis.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.30-40
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• 2000

Purpose: During the first year of life, cow's milk protein is the major offender causing food allergy. Cow's milk allergy (CMA) affects 2~7% of infants, of which approximately one-half show predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms. We studied the clinical types of cow's milk allergy with predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms (CMA-GI) of childhood. Methods: The retrospective study was performed on 30 (male 22, female 8) patients who had diagnosed as CMA-GI during 2 years and 3 months from March 1995 to June 1997. Results: 1) Children with CMA-GI presented in the three types of clinical manifestation on the basis of time to reaction to milk ingestion: Quick (Q) onset (5 cases), Slow (S) onset (20 cases), Quick & Slow (Q&S) (5 cases). 2) Age on admission of the three groups was significantly different (p<0.05): (Q onset: $81.4{\pm}67.1$ days, S onset: $31.9{\pm}12.7$ days, Q&S: $366.0{\pm}65.0$ days). Although the body weight at birth was 10~95 percentile in all patients, body weight on admission was different: (Q onset: 10~50 percentile, S onset: below 10 percentile, Q&S: 10~25 percentile). S onset group was significantly different compared with other groups (p<0.05) and 90% of this one was failure to thrive below 3 percentile. 3) Peripheral leukocyte counts were as followings: (Q onset: $5,700{\sim}12,300/mm^3$, S onset: $10,000{\sim}33,400/mm^3$, Q&S: $5,200{\sim}14,900/mm^3$). Slow onset group was significantly different compared with other groups (p<0.05). Serum albumin levels on admission were as followings: (Q onset: $4.2{\pm}0.4\;g/dl$, S onset: $3.0{\pm}0.3\;g/dl$, Q&S: $4.0{\pm}0.3\;g/dl$). S onset group was significantly different compared with other groups (p<0.05) and 85% of this one was below 3.5 g/dl. 4) Although morphometrical analysis on small intestinal mucosa did not show enteropathy in Q onset and Q&S groups, all cases of S onset revealed enteropathy: 45% of this one showed subtotal villous atrophy, 55 % showed partial villous atrophy. 5) Allergic reaction test to other foods was not performed in S onset group because of ethical problem and high risk in general condition. In Q onset group, allergic reaction to one or two other foods: soy formula, weaning formula and eggs. Q&S goup revealed allergic reactions to several foods or to most of all foods except protein hydrolysate formula: eggs, potatos, some kinds of sea food, apples, carrots, beef and chicken. 6) Serum IgE level, peripheral eosinophil counts, milk RAST, soy RAST, skin test were not significantly different among groups. Conclusion: CMA-GI may present in three clinical ways on the basis of time to reaction to milk ingestion, typical clinical findings and morphologic changes in the small bowel mucosal biopsy specimens. This clinical subdivision might be helpful in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in CMA-GI. Early suspicion is mandatory especially in S onset type because of high risks with malnutrition and enteropathy.