• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.733-753
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• 1994

해수면의 장주기변동을 알기 위하여 우리나라, 일본, 러시아의 103개 조위관측점의 월평균 해수면을 분석하였다. 기압보정에는 조위관측점 부근의 기상관측점에서 관측된 월평균 해수면기압을 사용하였다. 계절변화는 대부분의 해역에서 지배적이며, 대마해류역 해안에서 가장 크고 러시아 해안에서 가장 작다. 계절변화의 상호상관관계는 대마해류역 해안 사이에서 가장 크다. 이 부속해에서는 계절변화가 대마해류와 관계를 갖고 있는 것으로 보인다. 계절변화는 남쪽에서 북쪽 뿐만 아니라 서쪽에서 동쪽으로도 전파되고 있다. 반면에, 계절변화보다 장주기의 변화는 태평양 연안에서 가장 큰 진폭과 가장 빠른 위상을 보여, 장주기의 변화는 태평양에서 부터 전파되어 오는 것을 보여준다. 계절변화보다 짧은 주기의 변화는 일반적으로 상관관계가 낮다. 이들의 상관관계 값들은 해역사이에 특별한 차이를 보이지 않으며, 거리에 반비례하는 공통적인 경향을 보이고 있다. 이것은 짧은 주기의 파들이 전해역에 걸쳐 발생하여 모든 방향으로 전파되고 있으며 빨리 소멸한다는 것을 의미한다. 1965부터 1985년 동안 이 해역에서 해수면변화의 경향은 일반적으로 태평양연안에서 음의 기울기를 다른 해역이 양의 기울기를 갖는다. 이러한 경향으로 인해 제주와 Sasebo사이의 평균 해수수송량은 이 기간동안 약 1 Sv의 유량이 줄어들 수 있다. 해수면 차이로부터 계산한 수송량의 계절변화는 대한해협에서 2 Sv 정도로 이미 발표된 다른 연구 보고와 비슷하다.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.385-396
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• 2006

GPS 안테나 절대 PCV를 이용한 결과가 가지고 있는 지구 축척문제가 GPS 위성 안테나의 PCV 추정을 통해 해결되면서, IGS는 기존에 사용해오던 상대 PCV에서 절대 PCV로의 전환을 준비하고 있다. 이에 따라 전 세계 모든 GPS 고정밀 자료처리는 절대 PCV를 사용하여 수행될 예정이다. 그러므로 향후 국내 GPS 관측망 자료처리의 일관성과 안정성 확보를 위해 기존의 상대 PCV를 이용한 자료처리 결과와 절대 PCV를 적용한 결과를 비교 분석할 필요가 있다. 이 논문에서는 절대 PCV의 사용이 GPS 정밀측위에 미치는 영향을 GPS 망 자료처리를 통해 분석하였다. 기선의 길이와 안테나 레이돔의 영향을 알아보기 위해 1000km이상의 기선을 갖도록 IGS 기준국인 중국의 베이징, 우한과 우리나라의 대전, 수원을 사용하여 GPS 망을 구성하고 자료처리를 수행하였다. 기선의 길이가 1000km 이상인 경우 평균 1.33cm의 수직방향 차이를 보였고, 여기에 레이돔을 고려했을 경우 평균 2.97cm의 차이를 보였다. 절대 PCV적용이 국내 GPS망 자료처리에 미치는 영향을 시험하기 위해 한국천문연구원의 상시관측소 9개 중 데이터 품질이 종은 7개의 관측소에 대해 상대 PCV와 절대 PCV를 각각 적용한 결과를 서로 비교 분석하였다. 수직방향의 차이는 평균 0.12cm로써 국내 지역망에서는 그 효과가 크지 않음을 확인하였다.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.142-151
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• 2006

Purpose : Growth retardation is one of the serious problems in children with nephropathy requiring long-term steroid therapy. We observed the efficacy and safety of recombinant human growth hormone(rhGH) on the growth in children with long-term steroid therapy. Methods : We studied 60 children(male 47, female 13) with nephropathy who received rhGH(1 U/kg/week) for more than 0.5 years($1.39{\pm}1.12$). Their mean age was 11.0 years($11.17{\pm}2.62$). They received steroid therapy from January 1987 through July 2005, and the mean duration of steroid therapy was $4.32{\pm}2.97$ years. Among the patients, there were 32 nephrotic syndrome, 9 IgA nephropathy, 4 mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, 4 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, 2 Henoch $Sch\ddot{o}nlein$ nephritis, 2 Alport syndrome and 7 other cases. Data were gathered on the growth parameters, such as growth velocity, height standard deviation score(SDS), IGF-1, IGFBP-3, bone mass density(BMD) and general chemistry changes. Results : Height velocity increased significantly with rhGH therapy from $3.29{\pm}1.95$ to $8.66{\pm}3.75$(cm/yr) and height SDS decreased from $-0.72{\pm}0.93$ to $-1.04{\pm}0.86$ at one year after steroid therapy but increased to $-0.55{\pm}0.96$ at one year after rhGH administration(P<0.05). BMD improved from $0.71{\pm}0.14$ to $0.79{\pm}0.15g/cm^2$(P<0.05). IGF-1 increased from $445.09{\pm}138.01$ to $506.62{\pm}181.31ng/mL$(P<0.05). IGFBP-3 decreased from $4073.75{\pm}700.78$ to $3933.61{\pm}789.25ug/L$ numerically, but there was no statistically significant difference(P=0.533). Conclusion : The administration of rhGH in the short stature patients who received long-term steroid therapy showed improvement in growth parameters such as SDS, growth velocity, and BMD without significant side-effects or changes in the biochemical parameters.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.113-120
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• 1989

In order to determine the sex of preimplantation embryos prior to transfer in cattle, a series of experiments were carried out using 45 Holstein donor cows to examine the ovarian response on the gonadotropin and PGF2${\alpha}$, and the morphology of fresh embryos or frozen/thawed embryos after deep freezing at -196$^{\circ}C$. The sexing of embryos treated with the medium containing H-Y antiserum(10%, v/v) and FITC anti-mouse IgG(10%, v/v) were analysed by chromosomal analysis, and the sex of the embryos which survived were ascertain after delivering the pups. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. The average number of developed follicle and corpus luteum per cow were 13.5 and 8.1, and the ovalation rate was 60.1%. 2. Of 220-ova recovered, 75(34.1%) were morula and 91(41.4%) were blastocyst, and the morphological normal and abnormal rate of ova recovered were 75.5% and 24.5%, respectively. 3. Of 39 frozen/thawed embryos, the scores of normal morula and blastocyst, after thawing were 79.2%(19/24) and 73.3%(11/15). The average rate of frozen/thawed embryos which appeared morphologically normal post thawing was 76.9%(30/39). 4. The sex ratio was measured using the embryos treated with immunofluorescence assay to examine the relationship between embryo developmental stage, sex ratio of morula stage embryo was 42.2%(19/45) fluorescing and 57.8%(26/45) non-fluorescing, on the other hand, the ratio switched to 46.8%(29/62) fluorescing and 53.2%(33/62) non-fluorescing embryo in blastocyst stage. The sex ratio was also measured between fresh and frozen/thawed embryos, fresh and frozen/thawed treated embryos were indicated 45.8%(38/83) fluorescing, 54.2%(45/83) non-fluorescing and 41.7%(10/24) fluorescing, 58.3%(14/24) non-fluorescing. This trend indicated the approximal sex ratio was 1 : 1. 5. The result of karyotype test showed the successful rate of sexing embryo is fluorescing and non-fluorescing was 21.2%(7/33) and 29.6%(8/27). The female to male ratio within 33 fluorescing was 28.6 : 71.4, and the ratio of 27 non-fluorescing embryos was 87.7 : 12.5. 6. Of the embryo transferred after assignment of H-Y phenotype, five of the fluorescing embryos survived to term, all was males. Whereas six non-fluorescing embryos also survived to term and the sexes of the calves were 1 male 5 female.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.11.1-11.9
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the performance of lactating sows and piglets as well as the immunity of piglets suckling from sows fed CLA. Eighteen multiparous Duroc sows with an average body weight (BW) of $232.0{\pm}6.38kg$ were randomly selected and assigned to two dietary treatments (n = 9 for each treatment), control (no CLA addition) and 1% CLA supplementation. For the control diet, CLA was replaced with soybean oil. Experimental diets were fed to sows during a 28-day lactation period. Litter size for each sow was standardized to nine piglets by cross-fostering within 24 hours after birth. Sow milk and blood samples were taken from sows and piglets after 21 and 27 days of lactation, respectively. Loss of BW was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in sows fed control diet compared to sows fed CLA diet. Piglet weights at weaning and weight gain during suckling were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in sows fed CLA compared to sows fed control diet. Serum non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and urea nitrogen concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in sows fed CLA than in sows fed soybean oil. IgG concentrations of the groups supplemented with CLA increased by 49% in sow serum (p < 0.0001), 23% in milk (p < 0.05), and 35% in piglet serum (p < 0.05) compared with the control group. Sows fed CLA showed an increase of 10% in milk yield compared with sows fed soybean oil (p < 0.05), even though there was no difference in daily feed intake between the treatments. Milk fat content was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in sows fed CLA than in sows fed soybean oil. Solid-not-fat yield was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in sows supplemented with CLA than in sows fed control diet and also protein-to-fat ratio in milk was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in sows fed CLA compared with the control group. The results show that CLA supplementation to sows increased milk yield without losing BW during lactation, whereas soybean oil supplementation resulted in severe BW loss.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.425-432
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• 2016

사용자 위치 추정 시 위성 궤도는 GPS에서 송신하는 방송궤도력을 주로 이용하는데, 이를 이용할 경우 수 미터의 오차를 유발하기 때문에 높은 정확도가 필요한 분야에서는 사용할 수 없다. 오차를 유발하는 요소 중 위성 궤도와 시계에 의한 오차는 IGS에서 제공하는 RTS (real-time service)로 보정할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 3개월간 방송궤도력과 RTS 보정정보의 궤도 및 시계 정확도를 분석하였다. IGS final을 기준으로 단일 위성과 전체 위성의 3개월간 궤도 및 시계 오차 분석을 수행하였으며, 사용자의 위치와 위성의 종류에 따른 오차 변화도 분석하였다. 그림자 조건, 태양활동, 지자기활동과 오차들과의 상관관계도 분석하였다. 보정정보에 지연시간을 적용하고 이를 다항식으로 모델링한 후 외삽하여 실제 RTS 보정정보와 궤도 및 시계정확도를 비교하였다. 방송궤도력과 RTS 보정정보가 적용된 방송궤도력으로 데이터로 PPP를 수행하고 1일 위치 추정성능을 분석하였다. 그 결과 RTS 적용 시 3D 궤도오차와 시계 오차는 방송궤도력의 1/20, 1/3 수준이었으며, 위치해의 3D 오차는 방송궤도력의 1/5 수준으로 나타났다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.245-253
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• 2011

유기농재배 콩을 다양한 용매에서 추출하여 그 추출물에 대한 항산화 효과, 항염증 효과, 대식세포의 세포사멸 보호 효과, 그리고 알레르기 저해효과를 비교하였다. DPPH 법과 SOD 효소의 활성 측정으로 항산화 능력을 평가하였으며, 항염증 효과는 LPS로 유도시킨 Raw 264.7 세포주에서 염증 매개 단백질인 Cox-2와 iNOS의 발현량을 Western blotting으로 조사하여 분석하였다. 또한 대식세포 보호 효과를 세포사멸 조절 단백질인 Bcl-xl의 발현량조사로 평가하였고, 1mM $H_2O_2$ 처리로 유도되는 세포사멸의 보호효과를 세포 수 측정법으로 조사하였다. 항알레르기 효과는 흰쥐의 비만세포인 RBL-2H3 세포주를 사용하여 IgE로 매개되는 비만세포의 탈과립화를 OPT assay로 측정하여 분석하였다. 그 결과, 유기 재배 콩의 다양한 추출물에서 항산화, 세포사멸 보호, 항염증 효과를 나타내었다. 특히 유기농 콩의 열수 추출물은 LPS로 유도시킨 염증반응을 효과적으로 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 항알레르기 효과는 모든 추출물에서 히스타민 유리량이 약간 감소하는 것으로 나타나 유기농 콩의 특별한 효과를 확인할 수 없었다. 콩에는 많은 유용한 생리활성물질 뿐 만 아니라 알레르기 유발 물질도 존재하는 것으로 알려져 있지만 조추출물 상태에서는 특이적인 알레르기 유발보다 오히려 항알레르기 효과가 나타났다. 결론적으로, 만성 염증 및 천식, 그리고 아토피피부염과 같은 염증관련 질환에는 유기 재배된 콩이 좋은 억제 효과를 가지고 있다고 판단된다.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.1-30
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• 2016

Objectives Previous studies have found out that Forsythiae Fructus (FF) extracts have anti-atopic activities by in vitro experiment. In order to understand more about FF extracts' benefit, we subdivided FF extracts depending on systematic fractionation method by using Methylene chloride (MC), Ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-BuOH and n-hexane (n-Hx). This study is designed to examine the effect of FF fractions on the PMA- ionomycin-induced activation of RBL-2H3 mast cell lines in vitro and on the DNCB-induced activation of NC/Nga mice in vivo. Methods For this study, we examined IL-4, IL-13 production by ELISA analysis, IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, IL-31RA and TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression by real-time PCR and manifestations of AP-1 and MAPKs transcription factors by western blotting in vitro. Through in vitro experiment, we selected FF n-BuOH fraction that seems the best effective in atopic dermatitis then induced it on NC/Nga mice by DNCB. We measured mice's WBC, eosinophil and neutrophil in heart blood, IL-4, IL-5, IFN-${\gamma}$ in the spleenocyte culture supernatant, the absolute cell numbers of CD4+, CD8+, B220+CD23+, CD3+CD69+ and Gr-1+CD11b+ in the PBMCs, ALN and dorsal skin, IL-5, IL-13, IL-31, IL-31RA in the dorsal skin by real-time PCR and the distribution of immune cells by H&E on dorsal skin and ANL and toluidine blue staining on dorsal skin. Results FF n-BuOH fraction suppressed IL-4, IL-13 production and mRNA expression of IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, IL-31RA and TNF-${\alpha}$. Results from the western blot analysis showed that FF n-BuOH fraction reduced the activation of the mast cell specific transduction factors involved in AP-1 by suppressing JNK and ERK phosphorylation. In the gross, atopic dermatitis induced by DNCB in NC/Nga mice were improved by oral administration of FF n-BuOH fraction. Oral FF n-BuOH fraction also decreased the level of IgE in mice's serum and the level of IL-4 and IL-5 in the spleenocyte culture supernatant, cell numbers of CD8+, B220+CD23+ in the PBMCs, CD4+ in the ALN and CD4+, Gr-1+CD11b+ in the dorsal skin and suppressed mRNA expression of IL-5, IL-13, IL-31, IL-31RA in the dorsal skin. Histological examination showed that infiltration levels of immune cells in atopic dermatitis induced NC/Nga mice were improved by FF n-BuOH fraction. Conclusions FF n-BuOH fraction can reduce pruritus by suppressing IL-31, IL-31RA secretion and modulate molecular mediators and immune cells associated with atopic dermatitis induced in NC/Nga mice which may have played a significant role in recovering atopic dermatitis symptoms.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.159-169
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• 2005

Objectives : This study was carried out for the purpose of knowing the effect from anti-arthma action of the abstraction from a extract of Paridis Rhizoma(EPR). In order to know what the effect of controlling an abstraction from Paridis Rhizoma. and about the expression of B cells and Ig E cells, mast cells it was necessary for it to be activated by ovalbumin. Methods : In order to know what the effect was on the organization of cytokine gene expression from The increase and divorce of the B cells and allergic acting by EPR, we found it necessary to examine the BALF. At the same time, as we examined the histamine release by ELISA method, we also examined the effect of EPR. Results : EPR at $100\;{\mu}g/ml$, the highest concentration examined did not have any cytotoxic effects on mLFCs. In FACS analysis, number of granulocyte/lymphocyte, $CD3e^+/CCR3^+,\;CD4^+\;and\;CD23^+/B220^+$ in asthma-induced lung cells were significantly decreased by EPR treatment compared to the control group. In RT-PCR analysis, mRNA expression for CCR3, eotaxin and histamine in asthma-induced lung cells, which was induced by rIL-3 plus rmIL-5 treatments, was significantly decreased by EPR treatment. In ELISA analysis, production levels of IL-4, IL-13 and histamine in asthma-induced lung cells, which were induced by rIL-3 plus rmIL-5 co-treatment, were significantly decreased by EPR treatment. EPR treatments significantly inhibited the proliferation of eosinohils prepared from asthma-induced mouse lung tissues compared to the non-EPR treated control cells. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that EPR treatment significantly decreased the levels of eosipnphil activation compared to non-treated cells. Conclusion : The present data suggested that Paridis Rhizoma may have an effects on the inhibition of parameters associated with asthma responses in eosinpophils, and thus implicate the possibility for the clinical application of Paridis Rhizoma.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.445-456
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• 1997

We previously reported that some components of ginsenosides decreased mediator releases evoked by the activation of mast cells with specific antigen-antibody reactions. This study aimed to assess the effects of ginsenosides ($Rb_2$, Re) on the mechanism of histamine release in the mast cell activation. We partially purified guinea pig lung mast cells by using enzyme digestion, the rough and the discontinuous percoll density gradient method. Mast cells were sensitized with $IgG_1$ and challenged with ovalbumin (OA). Histamine was assayed by fluorometric analyzer, leukotrienes by radioimmunoassay. Phospholipase D (PLD) activity was assessed more directly by the production of $[^3H]phosphatidylbutanol$ (PBut) which was produced by PLD-mediated transphosphatidylation in the presence of butanol. The amount of 1,2- diacylglycerol (DAG) were measured by the $[^3H]DAG$ labeled with $[^3H]palmitic$ acid or $[^3H]myristic$ acid. Pretreatment of $Rb_2$ ($300\;{\mu}g$) significantly decreased histamine release by 60%, but Re ($300\;{\mu}g$) increased histamine release by 34%. Leukotrienes release in $Rb_2$ was decreased by 40%, Re was not affected in the leukotrienes release during mast cell activations. An increasing PLD activity during mast cell activation was decreased by the dose-dependent manner in the pretreatment of $Rb_2$, but Re pretreatment facilitated the increased PLD activity during mast cell activation. The amount of DAG produced by phospholipase C (PLC) activity was decreased by $Rb_2$ pretreatment, but Re pretreatment was not affected. The amount of mass DAG was decreased by $Rb_2$ and Re pretreatment during mast cell activation. The data suggest that $Rb_2$ purified from Korean Red Ginseng Radix inhibits the DAG which is produced by the activation of mast cells with antigen-antibody reactions via both phosphatidylinositide-PLC and phosphatidylcholine-PLD systems, and then followed by the inhibition of histamine release. However, Re increases histamine release by stimulation of DAG production, which is mediated by phosphatidylcholine-PLD system rather than by phosphatidylinositide-PLC system, but inhibits the mass DAG production. Thus, it could be inferred that other mechanisms play a role in the increase of histamine release during mast cell activation.