• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.189-195
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• 2012

The ice trials of the first Korean icebreaking research vessel "ARAON" were performed at the Arctic Ocean in July-August 2010. The sea ice concentrations of Arctic Ocean were 4/10 to 10/10 and the range of sea ice thickness was roughly 1.0 to 3.5m. In this research, sea ice thickness characteristics at the old ice floes were determined from results of drill hole and apparent conductivity measurements. Especially we measured apparent conductivity using an electromagnetic induction instrument (EM31-MK2) and estimated the sea ice thickness through the empirical equation from Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory, CRREL. The results of estimated sea ice thickness were compared to drill hole measurement results and then, we suggest the new empirical equation to estimate sea ice thickness of single layer type sea ice during the summer season of Arctic Ocean by curve fitting approach to these data.

• 한국기계기술학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2011

The measurement of ice properties such as thickness, strength are important to know the performance of the ice breaking vessel. The measuring equipment of ice properties and methods are summarized in this paper. The actual measured data are also described. The strength of ice at Svalbard area on April 2010 is much stronger than the Chukchi Sea on August 2010. The mean strength of Svalbard is about 500 kPa and one of Chukchi Sea is 250 kPa. The first sea trial in Arctic sea using Araon was carried out in the Chukchi Sea. The power and speed was also measured to check the ship performance in ice. The speed was measured from GPS(Global Positioning System) and engine power was recorded from DPS(Dynamic Positioning system) of Araon. The design target of Araon in level ice is 3 knots in 1m thickness and 630 kPa flexible strength but mean speed in Chuckchi sea is 3.98 knots when 6.6 MW engine power, 2.4m ice thickness and 250 kPa strength. This results comes from the difference of ice types and the weak flexible strength of ice but it will be a good information to know the performance of Araon in similar ice condition.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2012

Sea ice properties have been considered a key indicator in the structural design criteria of icebreaking vessels and arctic offshore platforms to estimate design ice load and resistance for their safety management in Arctic Ocean. A measurement study of sea ice properties was conducted during July to August of 2011 with the Korean icebreaking research vessel "Araon" around Chukchi Borderland. The sea ice concentration appears to be rapidly decreasing during this cruise. Ice condition seems to be thick second-year ice and multi-year ice and then, a lot of melt ponds were observed in the surface of ice floe. Calculated flexural strength of sea ice was about 250~550kPa, ice thickness was roughly 1.3~3.0m. In this research we performed field experiment to measure ice temperature along the depth, thickness, density, salinity, brine volume ratio and crystal structure. Apparent conductivities derived with the electromagnetic induction instrument were compared to drill hole measurement results and accuracy of sea ice thickness estimation formula was discussed.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.65-82
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• 2024

The Antarctica ice sheet thickness is one of the important information to know the dynamics of changes in the Earth's environment. Geospatial data of the ice sheet surface, land surface and underwater topography, and vertical deformation can be used for ice sheet thickness measurement and calculation. They can be extracted from the latest DTM. The latest DTM is one of the methods and products to extract up-to-date and detailed topography based on the dynamics of the vertical deformation period. This study aims to measure the Antarctica ice sheet thickness based on land surface dynamics and underwater topography from the latest DTM extraction. The vertical accuracy of the DTM, DSM, and vertical deformation uses a 95 % (1.96σ) confidence level. The ice thickness is divided into three types of ice layers according to the reference field: ice thickness above land, ice thickness (above the sea), and ice thickness (underwater). Ice thickness above land has a volume (3,700,299.5 km³), an area (6,767,772 km²), and a total length perimeter (114,569 km). Ice thickness (above the sea) has a volume (28,103,427.8 km³), an area (13,438,789 km²), and a total perimeter length (27,199 km). Ice thickness (underwater) has a volume (1,793,778.6 km³), an area (3,223,036 km²), and a total length perimeter (46,556 km). Antarctica's ice sheet thickness results can be used for various thematic applications of the dynamics of the Earth's environment.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.82-87
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• 2013

The icebreaking research vessel ARAON conducted her second ice trial in the Arctic Ocean during the summer season of 2010. During this voyage, the local ice loads acting on the bow of the port side were measured using 14 strain gauges. The measurement was carried out during icebreaking while measuring the thickness of the ice every 10 m. The obtained strain data were converted to the equivalent stress values, and the effects of the ship speed and ice thickness on the ice load were investigated. As a result, it was found that a faster speed produced a larger stress, according to the variation in the peak values below an ice thickness condition of 1.5 m. Meanwhile, the effect of the ice thickness on the ice load was not clear.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.421-425
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• 2011

To know the speed performance of "ARAON" in Arctic ice field, the measurement of ice properties which is ice thickness & strength, snow depth and free board were performed on July 2010. The measuring method of nautical signals such as heading angle, power of engine, wind & current information etc. was described in this paper. The speed sea trials in ice were performed on the four different positions with different ice properties and engine powers because the uniform level ice is not detected in the Chukchi Sea. The test field was partially constrained ice floe with hummocks and it was superposed with small broken ice pieces each other. All of the measured ice properties were compared and evaluated according to the results of sea trial. The relations between speed, ice thickness, strength and power were summarized. Consequently according to the sea trial results, the speed of ARAON is 2.78knots at the 2.49m ice thickness with 6.55MW engine power.

• 대기
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.427-436
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• 2010

The single-scattering optical properties of ice crystals in cirrus clouds by the aircraft measurement data were investigated, and the radiative equilibrium temperatures and radiative fluxes were calculated and analyzed by radiative convective model with the variations of ice crystal habits and sizes in cirrus clouds. The homogeneous cloud is assumed to be in the layer 200~260 hPa with an ice crystal content of $10gm^{-2}$ for the flux calculation. The profiles of temperature, humidity, and ozone typical of mid-latitude summer are used. The surface albedo is assumed to be 0.2 for all spectral bands and the cosine of solar zenith angles is 0.5. The result of radiative equilibrium temperature at surface was less than surface temperature of the standard atmosphere data in case of smaller effective ice crystal size and larger optical thickness. The column, aggregation and plate in 6 ice crystal habits were the most effective in positive greenhouse effect and bullet-4 was the worst in it. At the surface, the maximum difference of equilibrium temperature by 6 kinds of ice crystal habits were about 3~15 K with 30 sample aircraft measurement data.

• 한국기계기술학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.109-115
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• 2011

The ice tank is important facility to check the performance of the ship and offshore in ice condition before the construction. MOERI(Maritime & Ocean Engineering Research Institute) constructed ice model basin on the end of 2010. The ice technology to know the phenomena of ice near the ship and to estimate power of the ship in model scale is the main characteristic of the ice model basin. To achieve this goal in one ice sheet, making of test plan and feasibility check of test possibility have to review in the beginning stage of the every test. This paper describes the number of maximum resistance and self propulsion test in a sheet of level ice and proposes the methodology to optimize pack ice, rubble ice, brash ice and ice ridge test in MOERI ice tank. The feasibility of free running test to know maneuvering performance in ice field and some specific idea to measuring ice thickness and ice ridge shape was proposed.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.16-22
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 X-band 파장 대역에서 얼음의 두께를 측정하기 위해 중심주파수가 9.5 GHz (X-band)인 안테나를 사용하여 지상용 마이크로파 산란계를 구축하였고, 얼음에서의 후방산란을 측정하였다. 산란계로 측정된 얼음에서의 레이더 후방산란은 공기/얼음 경계면과 얼음/물 경계면에서 매우 강했으며, 두 경계면 사이의 거리와 얼음의 굴절률을 이용하여 두께 산출이 가능함을 확인하였다. 얼음 두께 측정을 위한 현장탐사는 춘천호의 유입지류인 지암천의 하류에서 수행되었다. 탐사 측선을 따라 얼음에서의 후방산란을 측정한 후 얼음의 두께를 산출하였으며, 크리깅 보간법을 사용하여 지암천 하류의 얼음두께 지도를 제작하였다. 얼음의 두께는 대부분 50 cm로 나타났으며, 하천의 유속이 빠른 지점에서는 얼음의 두께가 30 ~ 40 cm로 얇았다. 유속이 일정한 곳에서 주변보다 얼음 두께가 얇은 지점이 관찰되었는데, 이는 얼음 내에 마이크로파 산란에 영향을 미치는 매개물이 존재하거나 낚시를 위해 인위적으로 얼음을 뚫은 후 다시 얼었기 때문인 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구는 향후 X-band SAR 시스템과 항공기 탑재 산란계 시스템의 활용분야 확대에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.414-420
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• 2013

Generation and measurement methods of EG/AD model ice, which is used in KIOST ice model basin are investigated for improvement of its properties. Temperature of seed water, air temperature in the freezing phase and the target air temperature in the tempering phase were changed in the cold room, and the properties of model ice was measured in this conditions. We also verified a conventional measuring method of flexural strength of model ice caused a little measuring error in cold room, so that we suggested a new measuring method that must be used higher supports than double the thickness of the model ice. In this study, we improved the generation and measurement technique of EG/AD model ice, and the developed procedure at cold room can be applied to the KIOST ice model basin.