• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.439-453
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• 2011

This study was performed to determine dietary and lifestyle factors associated with hypertension in Korean adolescents. Study subjects were 12~19 years (n = 521) adolescents who participated in the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES III). Subjects were divided into the hypertensive group (HG, n = 102) and normotensive group (NG, n = 419) by '2007 Korean children and adolescents growth standard' and the relationships between blood pressure and physical measurement, nutrients intakes, eating behaviors and health related factors were analyzed. HG showed significantly higher levels in weight, waist circumference and BMI than NG. The amount of nutrient intakes was not different between NG and HG. Index of nutritional quality (INQ) for phosphate was higher in HG compared with NG. In both male and female HG, INQ for iron was higher but INQ for vitamin B1 was lower than NG. HG revealed higher consumption frequencies of snack, yoghurt, and ice cream compared with NG. In eating and behavioral factors, 'dinner with family', 'eat proper amount', 'keep Korean traditional diet', alcohol drinking, and mean alcohol intake were significantly different between the two groups. By logistic regression method, risk factors for hypertension revealed in this study were gender (male), age (15~19 years), BMI (${\geq}\;85$ percentile), and not keeping Korean traditional diet. These results suggest that education program for hypertension prevention in adolescents should include eating habits improvement and lifestyle modification as well as weight control.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.329-338
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• 2013

This study is conducted to compare the problems affecting dietary habits and health status between a long-term exercise group and non-exercise group of males older than 50 years. Most subjects of the two groups consider regular exercise to be the most important factor for maintaining health, and recognize hypertension as the number one concern. The most common nutritional supplement among subjects is multiple vitamins, and sleeping time range from 6~8 hours. Breakfast fasting rate was 15.9% among non-exercise group (NEG), where overeating and eating out rates were higher among exercise group (EG) when comparing to NEG. Fasting rates of breakfast, and consumption rates of milk and dairy products, vegetables such as kimchi, and fruits and fruit juices are higher among the EG. Overeating and eating out rates are lower among NEG, whereas eating rates of proteins like meat, fish, eggs, beans, fried foods, high-fat meats carbonated drinks, ice cream, and salt intakes are higher. Rates of health, dietary habits, and nutrient intakes are higher among EG. Energy intakes among the two groups were below the standard level, Vitamin $B_2$ intake is low in EG, and folic acid and calcium intakes were higher in NEG. The exercising group care more about health, eating habits and nutrient intakes, and low smoking rates are being observed. Thus, specific dietary improvement programs for adult men, are required, and it is necessary to consider the practice of nutrition education.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.429-441
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• 2013

This study was conducted to examine the interrelations among snack preference, purchasing behavior and intake of fifth and sixth grade students in elementary schools in Gyeongnam province. Frequency of snack intake was the highest in those who reported 'once a day' (45.6%) snack habit. Longer-time television viewers also showed higher frequency of snack intake than shorter-time viewers. Thirty-three percent of students purchased snacks by themselves and the frequency of snack purchasing had a significant positive relationship with TV watching time (p < 0.01). The main reason, place and time of eating snacks were 'hunger' (79.2%), their home environment (50.9%) and 'after school hours' (89.7%). The favorite snack was 'ice cream' and, this snack habit was significantly different by gender of the child (p < 0.01) and TV watching time (p < 0.01). 'Milk and dairy products' scored highest (3.47) in snack intake frequency among longer-time TV viewers (> 2hr) compared to shorter-time TV viewers and this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The snack preference score was correlated positively (r = 0.454) with the intake frequency for snack and its explanation power ($R^2$) was 20.5%. With regard to snack purchase behaviors, the scores of 'checking the expiration date' and 'comparing the price with similar products' were high (in what group?). Female students (p < 0.001) and shorter-time TV viewers (< 2hr) (p < 0.01) had a more reasonable purchasing behavior. The total score of preference was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in shorter-timeTV viewers (< 2hr). In the correlation between snack purchasing behaviors and intake frequency, attractiveness (r = 0.208, p < 0.001) and preference (r = 0.330, p < 0.001) showed significant positive correlations. The result of regression analysis, preference only was selected ($R^2$= 0.108).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.525-531
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• 2005

This study was carried out to establish the consumer-centric food labeling system by investigating usage state, importance evaluation, problems and satisfaction, etc. on the current food labeling system by consumer. For usage state of checking the food label, 50.2% of respondents were replied ‘mostly check the label’, and they were indicated a significant difference on ‘education level(p<.05)’, and in case of married respondents, most were relied 'absolutely check the label', For the reason to check the food label, 61.8% of respondents were replied 'to determine whether it is stable or not', and they were indicated a significant difference on age(p<.01), marital status(p<.01), and job(p<.01). For the item considered as important things on the label of the whole food, 49.8% of respondents were replied that 'expiration and manufacture date is important', and they were indicated a significant difference(p<.001) on age, marital status, job. For item considered as important things on the label of each food, it was indicated that they considered food company as important thing in case of snack, soft drink, edible oils, and noodles, and food company in case of ice cream, and expiration and manufacture date in case of milk product and meat product. For the problems on the current food labeling system, the clauses 'Poor marking on food additives and materials contents' and 'untrue marking of nutrition contents' were indicated a significant difference on age(p<0.05, p<0.001), and the clause 'untrue marking of nutrition contents' were indicated a significant difference on marital status(p<.01) and job(p<.01).

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.246-257
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of a nutrition education program of reducing children's sugar intake based on social cognitive theory. This education program composed of 6 units was conducted in discretional activity class of the $3^{rd}$ and $4^{th}$ grade elementary school students. The results are as follows: First, the rate of correct answers and score of nutrition knowledge significantly increased after nutrition education. The scores of nutrition education in male students, students whose mothers have no job, and students with skinny physiques were much improved after nutrition education(p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001, respectively). Second, the dietary attitudes toward reducing sugar intake and checking nutrition labels significantly improved(p<0.05). And also, it tended to decrease in preference and intake of sweet foods. Third, the consumption of candy caramel jelly(p<0.05), yogurt(p<0.05), jam honey(p<0.05), and ice cream(p<0.001) were reduced after nutrition education. Besides, obese students' consumption of isotonic beverages, carbonated beverages, and fruit juice was reduced. Therefore, a positive change in dietary behavior appeared. Based on the above results, we confirmed that the nutrition education program focusing on reducing sugar intake applied with social cognitive theory was effective for improving the nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and dietary behavior in sugar intake in elementary school students. Especially, this program showed the improvement in nutrition knowledge as well as dietary attitude and behavior in sugar intake among obese children. Since nutrition education during childhood significantly influences lifetime-health and disease prevention, it is necessary to develop theory-based nutrition education program and practice systematic and constant nutrition education in elementary schools.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.175-191
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the eating behavior and life habits of kindergarten children 5 to 7 years old in Chuncheon area. This study was conducted in December, 1996. Anthropometric indices(height, weight, skinfold thickness, mid-arm circumference) were measured and body mass index(BMI), Rohrer index, arm fat area were calculated to estimate children’s body fatness. Also the eating behavior and life habits were determined tv using questionnaire method. The results were as follows: Body fat rate of the children was almost normal according to Rohrer index and BMI. There was significant difference in birth weight between male and female. The problems of the eating behavior were frequent skipping breakfast and eating-out. The rate of the children who took snacks 2 times a day was 46.9％. Most children tended to take sweet snacks such as ice-cream, chocolates, cookies, and they tended to prefer meats and fishes to vegetables. The rate of breast feeding was 28.3％ and the rate of weaning foods prepared at home was 61.1%. Many children preferred indoor activities such as watching TV, toy furniture play, building block to outdoor activities such as roller-skating, cycling, jogging in their spare time. The rate of the children who took exercise regularly was 15％. Children tended to eat kimbap, fried chicken, ramyeon more frequently in various instant foods. The intake rates of fruit juice and barly tea were relatively high and children's favorite fruits were watermelon and mandarin orange. From this results, skipping breakfast, frequent eating-out and the monotony of food preference appears to cause imbalance in nutrient intakes of the children and to have bad influence on children’s health. Accodgingiy, the comprehensive nutrition education and proper modification program should be needed for the children and their parents to correct the eating behavior and life habits. The reasonable exercise programs are needed to motivate outdoor activities of the children, and the importance of breast feeding and weaning foods should be emphasized to lactating women and pregnant women.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.118-126
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to estimate sugar intake and relation between it and blood lipid profiles in Korean adult according to age. The 346 subjects were measured anthropometric assessment, dietary intake using 24-hour recall method, and serum lipid profiles. The average age of the subjects of 20-49, 50-64, over 65 years were 40.8, 57.0, 70.2 years, respectively. The mean height and weight were significantly decreased with increment of age(p<0.001, p<0.01). The mean energy, food, and sugar intakes of the age groups were decreased with increment of age(p<0.05, p<0.001, p<0.001), that is, 1649.8 ㎉/1253.6 g/36.1 g for 20~49 years, 1555.4 ㎉/1157.0 g/31.4 g for 50~64 years, 1404.4 ㎉/893.5 g/17.1 g for over 65 years. The major foods consumed sugar of the age groups were watermelon, sugar, ice cream for 20-49 years, watermelon, sugar, peach for 50-64 years, watermelon, sugar, kimchi for over 65 years. Carbohydrate intake of the subject adjusted age provided significantly negative correlation with serum HDL-cholesterol(p<0.05). However, there was not significant correlation between sugar intake and serum lipid profile. Based on these results, further studies on effects on blood lipid of sugar and carbohydrate intakes were needed for proper carbohydrate intake.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.234-247
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the consumption and perception of high caloric-low nutrient dense foods in middle school students in the Daegu. Among 550 questionnaires distributed to students in Daegu, 528 (256 boys and 272 girls) were analyzed. A little higher than 80% of students ate snacks everyday, and 43.4%, 29.0%, and 8.1% ate snacks once, twice, and three times or more per day, respectively. Snacks and foods most frequently consumed were ice cream, fried noodles, drinks, cookies, and baked goods. Energy supply from snacks was 104.8~356.9 Kcal/intake while that from meal substitution foods was 520.7~980 Kcal/intake. Students' knowledge score of high caloric-low nutrient dense foods was $6.51{\pm}3.02$ out of 10 points. Sixty percent of students did not read nutrition labels, but 67.9% of them thought that they need nutrition education by nutrition teachers. Students recognized the criteria of high caloric-low nutrient dense foods as well as proper food selection for essential educational items, It was concluded that effective education should be implemented in middle schools by nutrition teachers for students to develop good habits in selecting snacks and foods.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.909-920
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• 2009

This study was performed to compare the dietary behaviors of university students in Incheon area by residence types. The population was divided into 4 groups by residence types: family home in Incheon, family home in another area except Incheon, boarding house and, university dormitory. The general subject, health behavior, and dietary behavior of each group were investigated using a one-week questionnaire and the results were as follows. The average height, weight, and BMI were 175.67 cm, 69.8 kg, and 22.61, respectively, for males and 161.84 cm, 51.51 kg, and 19.66, respectively, for females. The most common residence type of the students was the family home in Incheon. Smoking rate of the students living in a boarding house was higher than the other groups. The rate of exercising and consumption of supplements were lower than the other groups. Most of the students frequently skipped breakfast. Boarding and dormitory students missed breakfast more than any of the other groups. The main reason for skipping meals was lack of time. The favorite snack type was confectionery and ice cream. Most of the students had snacks between lunch and dinner or after dinner. The frequency of consuming beans, fruits and, dairy products among 13 food items for boarding and dormitory students were lower than the other groups. The results of this study suggest that nutritional education for university students is needed to improve their dietary behavior and to maintain their health.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.440-451
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information on nutrition education for proper meal purchase habits by conducting a survey on the adolescents' meal purchases, which is gradually increasing nowadays. The survey was conducted on 311 middle school students living in Gyeonggi province. The largest number of students (79.1%) received an allowance under '2,000 won'. Among those students who received a daily allowance, 70.7% of students spent under '1000 won' a day on meal purchases. Most students answered 'meal purchase is necessary'. Of the reasons for thinking that meal purchases are necessary, 'for staving off hunger' took the highest ratio (67.1%). As for standards of food choice, the largest number of students answered 'taste' (57.6%). As for frequency of meal purchases, most students answered 'once or twice a week', and with regard to day of the week, 'weekdays' took the highest ratio. As for possibility of balanced nutrition by meal purchases, the answer 'surely possible' took the highest ratio. Asked whether or not one had learned nutrition education on meal purchases, 73% answered 'no'. Asked about the necessity of nutrition education on meal purchases, 'necessary once' took the highest ratio. The most preferred purchase meals were breads, snacks was ranked second, followed by frozen foods, beverages, fast-foods, rice-cakes, flour-based foods, ice-cream, and fruits. To sum up the results, most students perceived that meal purchases are necessary. However, high quality meal purchases were not achieved, as most of the students did not verify nutrition labeling, and placed emphasis on 'taste'. Further, many students wanted nutrition education on meal purchases while only a few had actually received it. Therefore, systemic, regular, and multilateral nutrition education conducted at home, school, and society will contribute to establishing proper meal purchase habits.