• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1025-1038
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• 2010

Carrot ($Daucus$ $carota$ L. var. $sativa$) is one of the most widely used crops in the world. Moreover it is an important crop because of its high content of ${\beta}$-carotene, well-known as the precursor of vitamin A carotenoid. However, seed-hair which is generated in epidermal cell of seeds inhibits absorption and germination. For that reason, carrot seeds are commercialized after mechanical hair removal process. To overcome such cumbersome weaknesses, new breeding program for developing hairless-seed carrot cultivar has been needed. Therefore, in this study, cDNA libraries from seeds of short-hair seed phenotype CT-ATR615 OP 666-13line and hairy seed CT-ATR615 OP-CK1-9 line were constructed and expression patterns related to generation of seed-hair were analyzed by comparison of EST sequences. Differential EST sequence results between two lines were classified into FunCat functional categories based on the results of BlastX search. Higher expression quantities belonging to metabolic category were shown on short-hair seed line than hairy-seed one. Differential expression quantities between those two lines in the protein folding and stabilization, subcellular localization categories were supposed to contribute variously on the generation of seed-hair. We confirmed 50 and 59 SSR sites, and 2 SNP sites by analyzing EST sequences in two lines; thereafter, we designed SNP and SSR primer sets from these EST sequence information as a molecular marker. These markers are thought to be used in research of molecular markers for classification of carrot family and related to various traits, as well as seed-hair characteristic.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.63
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• pp.121-150
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• 2020

The important developmental tasks of young adults are based on encounter and identity. These problems of encounter and identity are also connected to the instinct of longing for the "face" of primary caregivers, who acknowledge and affirm themselves as their cherished children. James Loder emphasizes that human "face pursuit instinct" later reaches "formal-operational stage" and leads to religious yearning for God as "the Eternal Face." This pursuit of "face" and "the Eternal Face" is an existential and ontological move to find out "Who am I?" through meaningful encounters. Religious psychologist Carl Jung also points out that scientific thinking has contributed to the liberation of humans from superstitious beliefs. But this has also led to the loss of the precious value of human spirit and the sense of unity with nature. Jung emphasizes that "symbolic play" should help learners and counseler face-to-face with their unconscious mind. By doing so, learners can overcome the wounds and scars of unconsciousness and mature toward the true self. James Loder is a scholar who critically introduced Jung's "unconscientious confrontation" therapy to his educational theory. Beyond Jung's unconsciousness and "symbolic play," Loder proposed transformational education for the learners to participate in meaningful changes through interaction between human spirit and the Holy Spirit. With many young adults wandering around in their existential voids, it is clear that functional and socializational education cannot overcome their problems and developmental crisis. This developmental crisis requires a foundation of identity and intimacy in the encounter with God, the "Eternal Face." Therefore, this study suggests that when Jung's "unconscious confrontation" and Loder's "transformation logic" are employed, transformational Christian education for the healthy self-identity and intimacy of young adults can be accomplished. This inquiry presents not only theoretical reflection, but also the reactions of young adults and actual feedback obtained through implementing transformational Christian education for young adults. Through all of these endeavors, this inquiry was completed by proving that "Transformational Christian Education for Young Adults" is an educational theory that can yield actual results and abound fruits. (This enquiry was undertaken by the support of the research fund of PUTS 2020.)

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.63
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• pp.347-376
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• 2020

This study suggests the direction and practice of Christian education through ecological Christian spirituality required in front of the ecological crisis. Environmental destruction and ecosystem problems are recognized as a serious crisis that can threaten human survival. As a result, the development of material civilization, which humanity has taken for granted, has been questioned, and changes in human consciousness and thoughts at the root of the ecological crisis have become inevitable. The crisis of civilization demands a new spirituality, and the spirituality required in front of the ecological crisis must be a life-friendly spirituality. The discourses on the ecological crisis that have emerged since the 1970s provide a fundamental perspective on the ecological crisis. Ecological spirituality such as 'immanence', 'interrelationship', 'community', 'healing and emancipation', and 'sustainability' are concepts that can understand and aggregate the discussions of the various discourses above. Based on this, this paper examines Christian ecological spirituality by dividing it into the areas of God, humans, and body. Through this, the Christian education was proposed as a practical place for self-depreciation for a simple life through the understanding of God, who emptied himself out of the transcendent God who reigns over all things, shared the pain of all things, maintained all things together, and lived in them. There, meditation and hospitality can be a place of practical Christian education where one can enrich one's inner self for a simple life. Christian education was proposed as a place of holistic knowledge through ecological Christian spirituality that emphasizes the spirituality of the body from dichotomous thinking that belittles the body. There, the Holy Communion is important as a place where both holistic education to restore the spirituality of the body and ecological education can be held at the same time. Through this, I hope that Christian education will be a place of education not only for the reason but also for the holistic knowledge of Christ and for learning how to 'together' with the ecosystem and neighbors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.12 s.159
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• pp.1690-1696
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data useful in designing apparel patterns for aged abdominal obese women. The body measurements of 318 women were taken at random, whose ages were over 60 and fields of action were colleges, sports centers, or business sites in Seoul and the neighboring districts. A total of 33 features in the upper body and lower body were used fer the anthropometric measurement and analysis using anthropometry. The collected measurement data were processed statistically using the SPSS 12.0 program for technical statistical analysis, t-test, frequency analysis, correlation analysis. The results of the study are as follows. 1. Subjects were classified into two groups as a result of analysis for measurement data. It was revealed that 251(about 79 percent) women of total subjects(n=318) have a characteristic of abdominal obese body type and elderly women of these group usually had big abdomen rather than hip. The criteria of abdominal obesity based on waist-hip ratio, WHR(=0.85). 2. Aged abdominal obese women have shown much larger size in most body measurements except items of some vertical length, such as bust ponit-bust point, font interscye, back interscye with circumference and depth of armscye, bust, waist, abdomen and hip while showing no difference in height, biacrominal breadth, hip width, neck shoulder point to breast point, crotch length. 3. Vervaeck index(=100.1) and Rohrer index(=1.7) indicated that the abdominal obese women were fat in overall body. And aspect ratio of waist(=0.86), abdomen(=0.92) and hip(=0.75) also appeared high that the shape of cross sections in those regions was similar to a figure of circle 4. In view of the correlation coefficient between hip circumference and the rest measurement items, and between hip circumference inclusively of the abdomen protrusion and the rest measurement items, there were found some differences for each group. In case of Group (abdominal obese group), the former is smaller than the other. 5. In case of Abdominal obese women, hip circumference inclusively of the abdomen protrusion is more mutually related to the rest items related to make apparel pattern as waist circumference, depth of armscye and so on than what hip circumference is. This result indicated which must be considered hip circumference inclusively of the abdomen protrusion to make apparel patterns for abdominal obese women unlike women of common body types.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.252-261
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• 2003

Although the young spike of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is known as the most susceptible part to spring cold injury, the risk of cold injury is apt to be ignored in most breeding program due to the importance of early maturity. Based on these aspects, the types and inducing time, temperature conditions for induction and effects of cold injury on growth and yield in this study were investigated under greenhouse and field conditions through three years (1997-1999). In natural condition, low temperature around -2.4∼$-10.2^{\circ}C$ caused the death of plant. Several cold injury types such as partial degeneration of spike, partial discoloration of leaf, spike and awn, discoloration of culm and white spike were observed at low temperature around $-3.1^{\circ}C$. Low temperature around -2.4∼$-8.6^{\circ}C$ and 1.3-$7.6^{\circ}C$ caused degeneration and sterility of spike, respectively. Most materials were prepared to the spikelet foundation stage, spikelet differentiation stage, development stage of flower organ, booting stage and heading stage, which were known having risk for cold injury in field condition. Although most of the controlled stages were sensitive to the induced low temperature, booting stage was the most sensitive stage for cold injury. All of growth stages which were treated-heading stage, booting stage, development stage of flower organ, spikelet differentiation stage, spikelet foundation stage-were responded to low temperature treatment but the symptoms revealed were very specific according to the growth stages. Ears of plant in heading stage were discolored to white. Ears of plant in booting stage were degenerated in all or part of one. Plants in spikelet differentiation stage were sterile in all or part of one. When tried to detect the specific differences between normal and cold injured plants in appearance, spike length, distance between spike and flag leaf and the first internode length could be the critical points for occurrence of spike death caused by cold injury. In barley, the elongation of spike was stopped on 3.2cm after occurrence of spike degeneration, 4.7cm after occurrence of partial degeneration of spike, 5.0cm after occurrence of white spike. In wheat, it was stopped on 1.6cm after occurrence of stem death, 3.3cm after occurrence of spike degeneration, 8.3cm after occurrence of partial degeneration of spike, 8.1cm after occurrence of white spike, 7.5cm after partial discoloration of leaf and 9.3cm after partial discoloration of spike. The obtained results from low temperature treatment induced in growth chamber were similar to the field experiment, Beacuse the death of spikes was more when low temperature was treated two times than one times, the temperature should be upgrade to -3$^{\circ}C$ in order to get the same condition with field test.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.248-258
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• 2006

Genetic diversity of 91 Korean soybean cultivars was assessed with 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR). Twenty SSR loci generated a total of 149 alleles. The number of alleles for each SSR locus ranged from 3 to 15 with a mean of 7.5 alleles. Genetic diversity estimated by PIC value of 91 cultivars was ranged from 0.424 to 0.905 with an average of 0.711. Cluster analysis based on Nei's genetic distances classified 91 soybean cultivars except Geomjeongkong 4 into 7 groups. The majority groups were I, IV, and VI which included 26, 24, and 18 cultivars, respectively. Obvious differences in genetic diversity appeared to be related with the released periods of cultivars and utilization type of cultivars, but not with breeding sites. Cultivars released in 1970's and in 1990's showed the lowest and the highest genetic diversities with 0.576 and 0.706, respectively. Soybean cultivars for vegetable and early maturity showed the lowest genetic diversity with 0.514, while those for soy sauce and tofu showed the highest genetic diversity with 0.691. Genetic distance between soybean cultivar groups developed before 1969 and during 1970's was the nearest, while genetic distance between those developed in 1970's and 1990's was the furthest. Cultivar group for vegetable and early maturity showed the furthest genetic distance with cultivar group for soy sauce and tofu, while it showed the nearest genetic distance with cultivar group for cooking with rice. Genetic distance was greater between soybean cultivar groups developed in Suwon and Iksan than between those developed in Milyang and Iksan.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.27
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• pp.99-125
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• 2012

Shojo manga, one of Japan's comic genres, is well-known around the world. There is an equivalent manga genre in Korea and it is called Sunjeong Manhwa. What distinguishes shojo manga from other comic genres is its unique visual representation of the inner world of comic characters. In this study, shojo manga depicted in various shojo magazines in the early 1960s are analyzed. The magazines reviewed include Shojo, Shojo Club and Shojo Book. Among the visual representations, flower expression, panel composition and title page design are selected for analysis. Based on the results of the analysis, the basic elements of shojo manga are portrayed well in manga published in the early 1960s, during which several female cartoonists actively led the creation of the said genre. These findings confirm that the representations adopted in shojo manga for the purpose of expressing the inner world and psychological aspects of the main characters were already evident in the early 1960s. According to earlier studies, shojo manga reached its golden age in the 1970s, when the genre's format and representation method were developed to its full extent. Therefore, studies investigating shojo manga often focused on this golden era, during which a variety of comics emerged and stories and presentation skills further improved. An increasing number of readers began reading shojo manga. Popular cartoonists also emerged, further accelerating the genre's burgeoning popularity. However, there has been no investigation on the unique representations found in shojo manga. This means that the shojo manga published between the late 1950s and the early 1960s were underestimated compared with those published in the 1970s. The aim of this study, therefore, is to reassess the comic works and cartoonists that led to the establishment of shojo manga by analyzing visual representations of shojo manga published from 1958 to 1963. This study proposes new ideas on when the unique representations of shojo manga first emerged and how those representations were described.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.27
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• pp.1-30
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• 2012

Oshii Mamoru attempts to project the perception of reality about his own modern world as it is through animation. The precedent studies on Oshii Mamoru put their focus on the point that his works have a tendency to represent the devastation of reality as the image of 'a ruin.' In addition, they gave an impression that Oshii Mamoru's animation has gradually developed to expose the 'realistic taste[beauty]' from the design perspective. However, this study is going to put its focus on the point that Mamoru's works were created as an attempt at finding the subversive possibility of the suppressed modern world under the modern capitalism in the aspect of 'everyday life' of the modern world. First, for its analytical purpose, this study intends to do that by dividing the work into the three layers such as space, body and everyday life. In Chapter II, this study, in relation with the issue of 'space' representation, analyzed the space in into the modern, mechanical, compactly capitalized space and also the space just like a closed circuit having the nature of 'repetition.' In Chapter III, this analyzed that suggests the body moving freely between a human named 'Kildren' and the inhuman from the aspect of character's body, through which Mamoru represents the capitalized, reified body of the modern world. In addition, this analyzed the extreme anxiety facing the body into the reflection of the phenomena of 'anxiety' and 'placelessness' consequent on the labor flexibility of the modern world. In Chapter IV, this study, on the basis of the analysis of layers of space & body, analyzed that the 'everyday life' of the modern world was represented in the respects of 'memory' and 'habit', and in the aspects of Mise-en-Sc$\grave{e}$ne, design and direction. In Chapter V, this rooted out the fact that Mamoru suggested the attempt at 'appropriation' based on his perception of reality about such a modern world. Such a finding includes unearthing the fact that Oshii Mamoru's work is raising a question about how to desert and appropriate the modern space. In conclusion of Chapter VI, this drew the conclusion that Oshii Mamoru's work represented the layer of 'everyday life' while dealing with the post-modern themes shown by the existing modern SF genre, provided the 'window' through which people can perceive the 'modern world radically by recommending an attempt at 'appropriation', and blazed a trail in a new realm of creation for animations.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.61-71
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• 1999

Objective : The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the premenstrual changes and stress perception in women with premenstrual changes($PMC^+$)(n=32) and those without premenstrual changes($PMC^-$)(n=62) by using prospective method. Method : The women who were older than 30 years of age and healthy were asked to complete a daily rating form based on DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for one menstrual cycle to assess the changes of psychological and physical symptoms across the menstrual cycle. They also completed 5-point likert scale to assess the perception of stress. Percent changes method was used to assess changes between follicular phase and luteal phase. Results : 1) No significant differences were found in demographic factors(age, education, marriage, employment) and risk factors(onset ages of menarche, regularities of premenstrual changes, duration of menstruation, cycle length, amount of menstruation, dysmenorrhea) between women with and without premenstrual changes. 2) There was a significant difference in mean luteal phase stress score between women with($1.92\pm0.63$) and without premenstrual changes($1.51\pm0.42$)(p<0.05). However no difference was found in mean follicular phase stress score between two groups($PMC^+$ : $1.67\pm0.43$, $PMC^-$ : $1.33\pm0.39$). 3) We divided women having premenstrual changes into two groups, higher stress group(stress score > 1.75(median)) and the lower stress group(stress score <1.75(median)). The higher stress group reported more luteal psychological symptoms than did the lower stress group(df=1, F=13.362, p<0.001). However, the groups did not differ in physical symptoms. Conclusion : In women with premenstrual changes, luteal stress score was higher than follicular stress score and this result suggested tha the perception of stress was related to psychological symptoms but not physical symptoms. These findings suggested that premenstrual change is associated with the stress level, and that it is important to manage the stress which is focused on the management of psychological symptom in the treamtment of prementrual syndrome.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.103-115
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• 1999

Objectives : A large of studies have found an association between premenstrual syndrome and affective disorder, in particular, depression. Some studies have reported that women with depressive disorders may experience menstrual cycle-associated changes in the severity of their symptoms. This study was designed to compare the characteristics of premenstrual changes between control group and affective patient group, and to assess possible risk factors for premenstrual changes in patients. Methods : Eighty normal controls and eighty outpatients given maintenance therapy with fixed dose for at least more than four weeks were asked to complete questionnaires on menstrual history, obstetric-gynecological history, and functional impairment. In addition, to compare the characteristics of premenstrual changes, 16 items based on DSM-IV criteria A for premenstrual dysphoric disorder were rated on the following scale : 0(no change), 1(mild), 2(moderate), 3(severe). Moderate or severe change in each item was considered as premenstrual change and the subjects who reported more than one premenstrual change were defined as premenstrual change group. Results : The results were as follows : 1) The percentage of premenstrual change group was 32.6% in patient group and 50% in control group. 2) Frequently reported premenstrual changes were as follows in control group : breast tenderness; anger ; affective liability ; lethargy, easy fatigability, or marked lack of energy ; abdominal pain or discomfort. In patients, the mood or behavioral changes were frequently reported. The changes were as follows : lethargy, easy fatigability, or marked lack of energy ; change in appetite; affective liability ; sense of difficulty in concentrating : hypersomnia or insomnia. 3) In the premenstrual change group, the patients with only mood or behavioral changes were significantly more than those with only physical changes or both changes. 4) The severity of functional impairment was significantly correlated with the frequency of mood or behavioral changes in patients. 5) There were no significant differences in menstrual characteristics between patients with premenstrual changes and patients without them except the severity of dysmenorrhea. And the severity of dysmenorrhea was correlated with the frequency of premenstrual change. Conclusion : The proportion of patients with affective disorder, who reported moderate-to-severe premenstrual changes, experiencing mood or behavioral changes larger than those experiencing physical changes during premenstrual period. It is possible that some patients with affective disorder, who reported premenstrual mood or behavioral changes, suffer from coexisting premenstrual syndrome with affective disorder or premenstrual exacerbation of affective disorder. Since the more premenstrual changes, the severer functional impairment, the patients reporting mood or behavioral disturbance in premenstrual period should be carefully evaluated, and appropriate therapeutic stategies might be considered.