• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.163-181
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• 2005

The purpose of this paper is to review the major issues of trade facilitation that have been discussing in relevant international organization such as WTO, WCO, UN/ECE, and UNCTAD In recent years the term, trade facilitation, has become extremely popular and, therefore, applied to an ever-growing number of activities. Trade Facilitation encompasses the simplification, standardization, harmonization and elimination of the procedures, data requirements and administration involved in an international trade transaction. The facilitation of trade procedures is seen by all major international business as vital for economic development. Several factors are fuelling the need for trade facilitation of which two are the globalization of international trade and the rapid IT-development. Another important factor includes increased economic integration by an explosion of regional and bilateral free-trade agreement that often feature complex customs requirements. Technological progress has also introduced faster and cheaper forms of transportation and transportation management techniques, such as the increased use of e-business and JIT. The Internet is also fragmenting containers of goods that could have been custom cleared on a single entry into dozens of individual shipments that each require separate customs documents and clearance procedures. This creates a challenge for express couriers who anticipate exponential growth in small shipments by individual consumers, as compared to shipment by wholesalers or retailers. These consumers expect goods to be cleared immediately. It is no wonder that express couriers are actively promoting, and participating in the trade facilitation agenda.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.41
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• pp.205-234
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• 2009

The trade portal site is one of the innovative skills which makes it possible for trade companies to manage international trade activities more efficiently by using the newest information technology. Especially, trade portal site can be considerable help to small and medium-sized enterprises which have much difficulties in finding overseas buyers due to the lack of international marketing capabilities. This study attempts to present a comprehensive model about the determinants of e-Trust in domestic trade portal site and to suggest practical strategies for e-Trade. Therefore, a theoretical framework was presented by the literature review, and a empirical study was carried out through a questionnaire survey to those who have had experiences of visiting trade portal site. The empirical analysis had the following results. First, it reveals that reputation, web-site quality, transaction efficiency of the trade portal site have influence upon e-Trust dimension. On the other hand, perceived risk did not have significant relationship with e-Trust. Second, e-Trust had significant impact on willingness to depend on the trade portal site. And also, e-Trust had positive influence on performance of using which is measured by sales increase, information sharing, and synergy effect.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.473-495
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• 2012

e-Trade should be activated for cost saving and efficient management of trade as it provides bases to actively respond to changes in markets through quick clearance of export and import. It also has tangible and intangible effects in providing services to customers through real-time sharing of information and can help enhance external competition and images through cost saving and efficient management of traders. Therefore, the study suggests that e-trade platforms to construct global trade systems should be executed to maximize economic ripple effects in terms of trade documents and cost, and paradigms of the past trade should be changed into new systems and presents future countermeasures to enhance its ripple effects.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.47-71
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• 2009

In order to implement e-trade infrastructure through the radical innovation of trade process, e-trade platform which is called 'uTradehub' has been developed for three years. After pilot operation of this platform in 2007, the formal service of e-trade such as logistics, customs and foreign exchanges had been provided in 2008. However, the usage of e-Trade platform is not the level of users' satisfaction because trade-related communities have not actively participated into e-trade platform and several functions with users requirements are necessary to develop additionally. In this regard, there are strong demands to suggest some strategies for application and usage proliferation of e-trade platform. Therefore, this paper would like to evaluate the current status of e-trade platform service and usage by the theoretical consideration of preceding researches and practical analysis of statistical data. Then, it will explore several service improvement ideas in terms of system supplementation and integration, electronic documents standardization, radical change of using fee, global connection, user oriented education and advertisement.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.25-45
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• 2009

The e-Trade environment has enabled the complex trade processes to be automated using e-Trade information systems, which had been manually processed through many trade-related parties in the past. Korea has completed the development of the most advanced e-Trade platform called "u-Trade Hub," which can process automatically all the trade-related activities from marketing to payment. It is anticipated for the world trade environment to have more FTAs throughout the world and this will complicate the trade processes more and more in the future. This means the constant cost-bearing updates of the e-Trade environment to adapt the process changes brought by new FTAs with other countries. In this paper, we propose the systematic approach to easily as well as less costly adapt the possible trade process changes resulted from the future FTAs by adopting a rule base management system. The prototype system to test the applicability of the proposed approach is developed using Win-Prolog 4.8 environment.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.147-168
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• 2004

Owing to the digital revolution, Internet Commerce and Electronic Commerce is having a profound influence on the global trade and internal commerce, revolutionizing the way of doing business. e-Trade have adopted in order to the reshape of the International Trade enterprise's competitiveness, and it is now being utilized as a major export marketing instrument to develop new customers, save export transaction costs ad facilitate new work processes. The purpose of this study is to provide a program for activation in e-Trade of the International Trade enterprise in Kangwon Do. However, at present, the environment of e-trade Infrastructure in Kangwon Do is very poor. Therefore, this study points out the problems of e-trade of the International Trade enterprise in Kangwon Do and provides many considerations for a program for activation of e-Trade.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2014

Purpose - This research undertakes to understand the trade structures of both China and Japan to strengthen Sino-Japan economic cooperation and examines impediments to trade between the 2 countries to analyze causes which affect trade and to examine improvements in these areas to find out ways of trade expansion. Through this survey of a defined period of time, we can identify the structural factors of trade dependence in the relationship between China and Japan. Research design, data, methodology - The data were collected from Korea Traders Association, Korea Customs Office and UN Comtrade, from which whole table indexes are calculated by author. This research methodology uses trade related indexes to focus on analyzing comparative advantages based on time-series analysis statistics data (2000~2012), by using the analysis index of Trade Intensity Index (TII), Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA) and Trade Specialization Index (TSI). Results - The export ratio for China against Japan was a little higher in 2000 at 2.867 and the export ratio for China against Japan was sustained in 2005. However, it diminished gradually and reached 1.263 in 2012. During the whole period of 2000~2012, the indexes were maintained without any significant change. However, they are still moving closer to -1. Especially, in 2012 it is the closest it has been to -1. Therefore, Japan has a comparative advantage toward export specialization. On the other hand, China has a comparative advantage toward import specialization. For the whole research period, all indexes were much smaller than 1, which means that China has comprehensively had a comparative disadvantage against Japan for the past 10 years when compared to other industries, even though it had improved in 2000. Conclusions - The summary of conclusions based on empirical analysis research are as follows: First, per the Trade Intensity Index of industries between the 2 countries, we can conclude that export ratio index is 2.867, based on the formula, in 2000, which means the export ratio of China against Japan is a little bit higher. Furthermore, the ratios of 2.259 and 1.263 are indicated in 2005 and 2012 respectively which mean the export ratio of China against Japan was maintained in 2005 but was diminishing gradually as the index is 1.263 in 2012. Second, per the Trade Specialization Index of the shipping industry between China and Japan, -0.379 is indicated in 2000, -0.368 in 2005 and -0.568 in 2012. Looking at the whole period of 2000~2012, the indexes were maintained without any significant change. However, they are still moving closer to -1. Especially, in 2012 it is the closest it has been to -1. Third, per the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index of the automobile industry between China and Japan, the RCA indexes in 2005 and 2012 are 0.246 and 0.306 respectively which are still far from 1 even though the index is improved compared to 2000's value of 0.0001. Therefore, the Chinese automobile industry is very much at a comparative disadvantage to that of the Japanese automobile industry.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.187-203
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• 2021

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of non-tariff barriers on the Free Trade Agreement. Currently, it has achieved significant export effects by signing free trade agreements with many countries in Korea. However, most countries have implemented non-tariff barriers to protect their industries. This study analyzes the effects of non-tariff barriers in counterpart countries that have signed a free trade agreement. Design/methodology/approach - For analysis, first, prior studies were summarized, and second, the current status of free trade agreements and non-tariff barriers were identified. And, based on the current situation, the relationship between non-tariff barriers and export volume was analyzed. The targets of analysis are the United States, China, and Vietnam, which are Korea's three largest exporters. As for non-tariff barriers, anti-dumping tariffs, countervailing tariffs, and emergency import restrictions were analyzed as import regulatory measures. Findings - In the case of the United States, it can be seen that the decline in textiles, steel and electronics sectors is even greater. In the case of China, it can be seen that exports declined after imposing non-tariff barriers in the steel sector. Finally, it can be seen that exports declined after Vietnam implemented a non-tariff barrier on the steel sector. It was found that non-tariff barriers offset the effects of the Free Trade Agreement. Research implications or Originality - Currently, Korea has free trade agreements with numerous countries. However, after the free trade agreement entered into force, the number of annual average import regulation investigations for Korean products is on the rise. In the end, the implementation of non-tariff barriers is offsetting the effects of free trade agreements. Therefore, when signing a free trade agreement, it is necessary to thoroughly prepare for import regulatory measures such as the insertion of provisions of non-tariff barriers.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.29-54
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• 2005

This paper presents a simple two-sector general equilibrium model of noncomparative advantage trade between structurally identical advanced economies. Attention has focused on the effects of trade in information technology (IT) goods and services on the wage inequality in the digital economy. The model confirms and illustrates that wage inequality in the digital economy reflect trade in IT goods and services between advanced economies. In particular, this paper shows that even though the relative price of skilled labor-intensive technology good is declined with trade in IT goods and services, the wage of skilled labor increases. The reason is that as Jorgenson (2001) has empirically found, the price elasticity of demand for the technology goods is elastic.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.195-212
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• 2005

International trade has been changed from traditional trade to e-trade due to the fast expanding of information technology like e-marketplace, EDI (Electronic data interchange) using Internet since mid of 1990's. e-Trade, as a new trade method, could handle every trade procedure such as market research, contract, customs clearance, logistics and payment using IT like internet without restriction of time and space. The evolution of transaction-based business model is upon us. The business models of many e-Marketplace in their early stages have typically been based on transaction fees. Many e-Marketplaces have even called out transaction revenues as a core element of their business plans. The transaction business represents the most simple of business models, but it does not provide a long-term sustain able advantage. For buyer's convenience, wide selection and test price hold appeal. For suppliers, the extended global market reach and direct access to customers and consortiums of customers is powerful. To maximize leverage of these new e-marketplace, you must from both a buyer perspective as well as a supplier perspective. Also required is a strategy that takes in account all of the various e-Marketplace transaction standards and one that allows the easy accomodation to new e-marketplace as the market change. These new e-marketplace will need to be factored into the sales channel strategies. To be successful, integration with these e-marketplaces should occur at a complete business process level. This study would suggest on the role of buyers and sellers for e-trade which could maximize effect of e-trade in order to cope with rapid changing IT environment and global trade environment. Therefore, this study suggests top priority tasks for implementing on the specialization strategy of e-trade process.