• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.451-454
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• 2007

Non-additive measures and their corresponding Choquet integrals are very useful tools which are used in both insurance and financial markets. In both markets, it is important to update prices to account for additional information. The update price is represented by the Choquet integral with respect to the conditioned non-additive measure. In this paper, we consider a price functional H on interval-valued risks defined by interval-valued Choquet integral with respect to a non-additive measure. In particular, we prove that if an interval-valued pricing functional H satisfies the properties of monotonicity, comonotonic additivity, and continuity, then there exists an two non-additive measures ${\mu}1,\;{\mu}2$ such that it is represented by interval-valued choquet integral on interval-valued risks.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2018

Background: The number of surgical risks recalled by a patient after surgery can be used as a parameter for assessing how well the patient has understood the informed consent process. No study has investigated the usefulness of a self-developed mobile application in the traditional informed consent process in patients with a nasal bone fracture. This study aimed to investigate whether delivery of information, such as surgical risks, through a mobile application is more effective than delivery of information through only verbal means and a paper. Methods: This prospective, randomized study included 60 patients with a nasal bone fracture. The experimental group (n=30) received preoperative explanation with the traditional informed consent process in addition to a mobile application, while the control group (n=30) received preoperative explanation with only the traditional informed consent process. Four weeks after surgery, the number of recalled surgical risks was compared for analysis. The following six surgical risks were explained: pain, bleeding, nasal deformity, numbness, nasal obstruction, and nasal cartilage necrosis. Results: The mean number of recalled surgical risks among all patients was $1.58{\pm}0.56$. The most frequently recalled surgical risk was nasal deformity in both groups. The mean number of recalled surgical risks was $1.72{\pm}0.52$ in the experimental group and $1.49{\pm}0.57$ in the control group. There was a significant association between mobile application use and the mean number of recalled surgical risks (p=0.047). Age, sex, and the level of education were not significantly associated with the mean number of recalled surgical risks. Conclusion: This study found that a mobile application could contribute to the efficient delivery of information during the informed consent process. With further improvement, it could be used in other plastic surgeries and other surgeries, and such an application can potentially be used for explaining risks as well as delivering other types of information.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.30
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• pp.59-88
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• 2006

After sources of risks are identical and measured, a decision can be made as to how the risk should be handled. A pure risk that is not identical does not disappear ; the business merely loses the opportunity to consciously decide on the best technique for dealing with that risk. The process used to systematically manage risk exposures is known as risk management. Risk management is the logical process used by business firms and individuals to deal with their exposures to loss. It is a strategy of preloss planning for postloss resources. Besides, in the enterprise judiciary researches the textbook and the instance which relate risks, and reflects it to the written contract provision and various every manuel or holds seminar. It is a risk management which this talks generally. Here it stands but it becomes a problem the quality of type and countermeasure of risks. The purpose of this paper aims to explain adequate preventions to positively predict the risk this before being materialized, in practical section which is directly exposed to these risks in introducing international sale contracts(for example, the FOB and CIF contract) and the active management method of the risk which accompanys to the execution. And also analyzes the Lite-On case which relates with an international sale contracts.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.681-688
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• 2022

According to a recent study, most construction companies in Korea do not manage risk effectively, and it is judged that the risk management system needs to be improved. In addition, most risk-related studies deal with risks from a macroscopic perspective, and there are few studies dealing with process risks at the project construction stage. Therefore, this study tried to suggest a risk response plan through analysis and classification of risk factors that may occur in retaining work among process risks. To this end, a workshop was held for risk experts to identify and analyze risks that may occur during the construction of retaining work for apartments. As a result of the study, it was expected that savings of KRW 4.97 billion would be possible in the 95 % confidence interval, and the maximum possible cost was reduced from KRW 15 billion to about KRW 10 billion. Based on the risk reduction ratio, it was found that risks that can be reduced without any special input cost, risks with large effects in response to risks, and risks with insignificant effects were found. Therefore, using the types and risk factors presented in this study as guides, it is expected that it will be helpful in successfully operating the project if an appropriate response strategy is prepared and systematically responded to the site conditions.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.142-160
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• 2021

The Internet and digital devices have become an important part of life among the youth (age 17-24) of today. During the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia, Internet use in youth increased by 19.3%, with an average usage of 11.6 hours per day. Youths gain a lot of opportunities from the Internet, but, it also exposes them to various risks. Therefore, there is a need for measures to make the Internet a safe place for youth, in a balanced way that addresses opportunities alongside risks, through digital literacy. It is expected that through digital literacy, youths can take advantage of online opportunities, without being subjected to any dangers. This study aims to examine the relationship between the digital literacy, online opportunities, and online risks of young people, while at the same time examining the influence of digital literacy on those online risks and opportunities. This study employed the quantitative study approach (explanatory study). Cross-sectional surveys and structured questionnaires were used for data collection. The results showed that youth's (age 17-24) monthly expenses, age, and education levels were important factors for digital literacy and online opportunity; also, the digital literacy variable plays an important role and affects online risk and opportunity positively. Digital literacy has a greater influence on online opportunities than it has on online risks. As youths spend more time online, they become more digitally literate, which can enable them to benefit more from new technology. Unfortunately, those with greater digital literacy cannot find a way to avoid risks while seeking opportunities.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.353-364
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• 2011

The present study began from the criticism that the discussions related to the existing digital media have focused on the technical productivity and effectiveness to focus on the positive perspective. Therefore, this study will concretely confirm the dangers that may be caused by digital media and confirm the overall risk perception for digital media such as the user's opinions for risk evaluations and risk management for such dangers. As a result of making the digital convergence media, the smart phone, as the detail study subject, the 17 risk types including the 'risks of financial dimensions, risks of social-cultural dimensions, risks of individual dimensions and risks of pathological dimensions' were classified. Furthermore, the users appeared to highly evaluate the seriousness and possibilities of risks as a result of analyzing the risk-factor per each risk type(risk magnitude ${\times}$ development possibility). Next, it appeared that the users did not have high degree of reliability for the government in the aspects of countermeasures and prevention of risks and appeared to highly evaluate their expectation and liability for their individual roles. If the seriousness and development possibilities, the evaluations for liability, preventative measures and post-management methods for the risks of smart phones can be thoroughly analyzed and applied, it will be able to expand them as significant political countermeasures that can reduce the risks of other digital media in the future.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.21-28
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• 2020

The objectives of this study are threefold: 1) to identify the concepts of earnings, stock return and liquidity risks on public shareholding industrial companies listed in the Amman Stock Exchange, 2) to investigate the relationship between earnings, stock return, strength and direction of this relationship, and 3) to find out the effect of liquidity risks at stock return and the effect of liquidity risks on the relationship between earnings and stock return on Jordanian public shareholding industrial companies. To achieve the objectives, an analytical descriptive approach was used. As the data on the public shareholding industrial companies listed in the Amman Stock Exchange were accredited by 52 companies for the period between 2014-2019, data validation tests and their suitability for analysis were considered. A linear regression test was used to test the study hypotheses on the statistical analysis program. The results show that there is a positive and significant correlation at significance level between the earnings and stock return. The results of the study also showed that there is a statistically significant negative effect at significance level of liquidity risk on stock return. In addition, it was demonstrated that liquidity risks have significant negative effects on the relationship between earnings and stock returns.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.267-287
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• 2013

As the online bookstore market has been saturated and the level of competition has become more intense, maintaining competitive advantage by mitigating consumers' perceived risks can be considered as one of good alternative strategies a company should use. Although studies that identify the types of consumers' perceived risks in the context of online bookstores as well as validate the relationships between perceived risk and its antecedent/consequent factors in an integrated manner are strongly required, there has been less attention paid to these matters. Therefore, based on previous literature, we identify five types of perceived risks (financial, performance, online payment, delivery, and seller's response risk) and validate the impacts of online bookstore specific characteristics and user specific characteristics on perceived risk. In addition, we also verify causal relationship between perceived risk and intention to use online bookstores. The results of PLS test using 108 samples collected from undergraduate and graduate students confirm that perceived risk has a negative impact on intention to use and four antecedents (reputation, service quality, self-efficacy, and user experience) are significantly related to perceived risk.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.1372-1390
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• 2020

An attractive user interface (UI) design with a clear user experience (UX) is the key for the success of applications. Therefore software development projects require very close collaboration between SI developers and front-end service developers. However, methodologies for software development only exist with inadequate development processes or work standards for collaboration. This survey derived 13 risk factors in developing UI/UX from 113 risk factors of IT projects through a questionnaire and factor analysis and proposed a collaboration-based UI/UX development model that can eliminate or mitigate six risks with high weights and reliability. To extract risk factors with high reliability, factor and reliability were analyzed to extract 13 major risks, and based on the expert opinions and the results of correlation analysis, UI/UX development stages were classified into planning, design, and implementation. The causal relationships between risks were verified through regression analysis. This study is the first to expertly analyze major risks based on collaboration in UI/UX development and derive a theoretical basis that can be used in project risk management. These findings are expected to provide a basis for research on development methodologies for higher levels of front-end services and to construct rational collaboration systems between SI practitioners and front-end service providers.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.11
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• pp.347-356
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• 2020

Mechanization and automation constitute an essential stage in the production and operation of any company, as one of the determinants of increase in labor productivity and decrease in product price, while significantly contributing to shortening of the lead time. Businesses are, therefore, able to quickly put projects into operation, improving economic efficiency, quality, and aesthetics, which speeds up the national economic growth. For the construction industry to be the most effective, modern construction equipment is a necessity. It is one of the five main resources of a construction project. Thus, effective construction equipment management contributes to the success of a project and benefits the relevant construction companies economically. This paper presents the critical risk factors affecting equipment management and proposes suitable solutions. The questionnaire-based survey with experienced experts in the construction sector on the management of the likelihood and consequence of risk factors revealed thirty-two risks for equipment management in construction companies. These factors fell into six groups: (i) site organization-related risks; (ii) management-related risks; (iii) owner-related risks; (iv) supplier-related risks; (v) legal risks, and (vi) site condition-related and external risks. The results showed that management-related factors contributed to the most significant risks and problems for equipment management in construction companies.