• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.782-793
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• 2022

The rise in chronic disease not only has a negative effect on people's lives, but it also increases the cost of medical care owing to the increased usage of medical care as health and medical technology improves, life expectancy rises, and rapid population ageing. In such context, this study examined the difference in the disease cost of hypertension according to demographic information and the effect of the initial diagnosis age and treatment period on the cost. This study used the Korean Health Panel Survey from 2010 to 2017, and selected subjects based on health insurance beneficiaries between the ages of 30 and under 80. With the selected data, the direct and indirect costs of disease loss were calculated according to the cost of illness approach, and we constructed a disease-loss ratio cohort considering the age of diagnosis and time of treatment for hypertension. From the results of the study, the annual cost of disease loss for hypertensive patients differed by gender by 110,107 won, and it was found that the cost increased by 1.8 times as the treatment time increased. In addition, when comparing disease loss ratios between the same age groups, it was found that the disease loss ratios between those in their 60s and 70s were affected by treatment time. This study confirmed that hypertension significantly affects the cost of the disease, and not only requires early diagnosis and management, but also preventive efforts to lower the incidence of hypertensive disease must be strengthened.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• autumn
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• pp.359-364
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• 2003

The loss of potential opportunity profit which is consisting in the partial markups of the corporation would taking placed in related with the time-delay deeply, has customarily disregarded in contract adjustment under the principles of denial of cost accounting method, declined conjecture in the point of benefits and protection of the law in scope of compensation and the restricted conditions of constant contract. It is being resulted from that the policies of the general principles of accounting standards which is subjected to ask an objective data and evidence, and the denial system as a debt derived from imperfect legal theory applied by current law. Therefore, it is necessitated to find if any irrationality in the positive system is and further to draw an improved reasonable measures to adopt by review of constant system preparing tile reasonableness with the method of suitable quantification devices provided that any time-delay is induced by the party.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.6630-6638
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• 2014

The concerns for higher returns among investors in Korea are increasing as local interest rates lag behind the global market. The aim of this study was to provide a basis for estimating the precise return on investment to private investors and stakeholders of office buildings by identifying the optimal scale estimation of office building space, derived from managerial expenses. The literature on the economies theories of scales were reviewed, and the average administrative costs on an appropriate scale were assessed by cross-analysis and regression analysis using the U-shaped quadratic and cubic function. The findings suggest that the average office building managerial costs are approximately 6-11% according to the region, 10-13% according to the grade, and 8-9% according to size. Corporate-owned buildings represent the highest in terms of the average managerial costs, and there is an approximately 11.5% difference when it comes to outsourcing. In addition, the elapsed year showed that approximately 5.3 years to meet the lowest U-shaped curve of the average managerial cost. The 'Total floor area' variable shows a ${\bigcap}$-shape as it continue to increase to 72,000-Pyung then decrease gradually. This study presents the fundamental proposition of efficient and practical management of cost, lease and operation for real estate management firms by utilizing LCC.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.17-29
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• 2010

The main objective of this study is to consider the necessity of introducing owner expenses in estimating the cost of traffic accidents, as is done in some advanced countries. It is known as "owner cost" in the U.S, "enterprise project price" in Japan, and "human cost" in the U.K. To achieve this, the seriousness and present state of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) of traffic accident offenders, which is generally not observed when traffic accidents occur, are evaluated; countermeasures reflecting personal characteristics are prepared according to degree of affliction. The results could be summarized as follows. First, the present condition and seriousness of PTSD from traffic accidents that has been estimated only within the accidents offenders are evaluated through a survey. Second, a distinction analysis model is developed. 'Insomnia caused by accidents' and 'mental daunting in accident situations or similar ones during driving' are chosen as the variables of the discriminant. Third, as a result of the construction of an Ordered Probit Model to comprehend the seriousness of PTSD, the variables turns out in the order of 'seriousness of the most damaged victim, 'nightmare about the accident', 'insomnia experience', 'mental daunting during driving', 'gender', and 'major driving area'. Finally, the cures reflecting characteristics of gender and region are suggested, which are preferred for degree of seriousness of PTSD. The analysis shows that the method to minimize the damage, such as decline of work efficiency, by moving ahead the rehabilitation of the offenders would be suggested and this could minimize the direct and indirect damages that could happen to business owners for whom the drivers work.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.7-19
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• 1999

The Purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of telecommuting-the use of telecommunications technology to perform work from remote sites- on the transportation system. It examined the effects of telecommuting on commuter travel. After reviewing case studies of foreign countries and their telecommuting characteristic, two types of survey, RP(Revealed Preference) and SP (Stated Preference), were carried out in order to analyze the impact of telecommuting on traffic. The RP survey examined respondents'attitudes toward information technology and the characteristics of their work. The SP survey asked respondents what conditions would make them want to become a telecommuter. It was found that higher salaries and communication subsidies would induce more people to telecommute. Overall, it was found that if telecommuting were to be executed in Seoul, 49.1% of workers would become telecommuters, which would result in a 14,407 billion won reduction in direct and indirect transport costs per year. This research proves that traffic congestion can be reduced effectively by instituting telecommuting as an option for workers.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-34
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• 2017

It is almost impossible for firms to possess all of resources and capabilities needed to create technological innovations in modern competitive environment. This situation forces firms to conduct R&D collaboration. Therefore, this paper analyzes an effect of appropriability protecting knowledge exclusively on R&D collaboration and product innovation performance. In addition, we investigate how the governmental R&D support moderates and influences those relationships through empirical analysis. The results of moderated mediation show that the impact of appropriability on product innovation performance appears to be a common pattern in each conditional indirect effect of appropriability regardless of financial, direct, indirect R&D support of the government. The more governmental R&D supports increase over a certain level, the more conditional indirect effects of appropriability on product innovation performance increase through the vertical R&D collaboration. However, conditional indirect effects of appropriability through horizontal R&D collaboration are not significant in all levels of government R&D supports. If we utilize an analysis of moderated mediation by applying governmental R&D supports as a moderator, it is possible to analyze a significant strength of innovation policies and their performance. Therefore, this paper would make a contribution to an evolution of governmental R&D support and an effective formulation of innovation policy.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.201-223
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• 2006

This study surveys the current state of the art in the field of IT investment and performance in domestic finns and investigates the statistical significance of various hypothesis of previous relevant researches. Data of 145 information systems of 133 firms have been collected. The amount of IT budget in 2005 has increased to the level of 2.53% of gross revenue of the firms and IT business value has also increased as compared to the previous year. As results of MANOVA test, it has been found that the amount of IT budget does not affect the level of IT business value. In other words, the relationship between IT investment and IT business value does not exist. And among ten factors which has been known to determine IT business value in previous researches, only three factors have been found to affect the level of IT business value: the technical quality of information systems, CIO leadership in the context of resource allocation and decision makings, and the capability and commitment of the user department. These finding provide insight for both practitioners and researchers.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.179-222
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• 2011

This research investigates the influence of relational characteristics on 'co-defection', customer defection following salesperson turnover, in the context of salesperson-customer relationship. Based on the social exchange theory, it was hypothesized that perceived relational benefits and switching costs affect directly the customer's intentions to defect. Key constructs in relationship marketing such as customer satisfaction, trust, and loyalty were hypothesized to affect the customer's intention to defect as well as perceived relational benefits and switching costs. The results of structural equation modeling using a survey sample of 503 insurance customers who purchased life insurance policies through salespersons unveiled that the customer satisfaction with salesperson and the customer trust in salesperson strongly influence the salesperson-owned customer loyalty. However, they did not have significant direct effects on co-defection intentions. All paths from salesperson-owned customer loyalty to perceived relational benefits and perceived switching costs were also significant. Salesperson-owned customer loyalty did not have significant direct effects on co-defection intentions, but it had significant indirect effects on co-defection intentions through relational benefits and switching costs. Three sub-dimensions of perceived relational benefits had significant positive effects on co-defection intentions while the perceived switching costs had significant negative effects on co-defection intentions. The significance of our research findings were verified by comparing the hypothesized model and the rival model in the past studies.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.173-204
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• 2012

This study examines the equilibrium investment on the pollution abatement when firms are facing Cournot competition in the output market while the pollution permit market is perfectly competitive. Unlike standard perfect competition scenario, the abatement investment delivers an indirect effect in which it reduces other firms' equilibrium output. Consequently, compared with the socially optimal level, overinvestment arises. I also overview the potential inefficiencies that imperfect market structure induces under the emission trading scheme, presenting policy implications.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.5 no.12
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• pp.677-684
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• 2016

For realistic rendering volume to calculate the light effects as well as the shade is essential. In order to produce the high quality of the resulting image, it is necessary to represent a global illumination, and it should be considered an indirect effect of the direct impact and scattering of light. It requires a lot of resources in order to perform this operation and, in particular, is very expensive when large amounts of data to be rendered as a volume data is consumed. In this paper, we generate a scatterer template according to the physical laws for each material. Considering that each object having material property stores photons of the template based on the Lambert illumination model. When the volume rendering in this paper, using the photon is stored in the template, based on the voxel to be sampled within the examination volume occluded, and it represents the global illumination of the scattering. Because the materials produced by the template requires a less resource only if comprised of a complex material, a simple operation can be expressed within the scattering volume at a low cost through.