• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2021.04a
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• pp.84-84
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• 2021

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.182-189
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• 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculation to domestically-cultivated Italian ryegrass (IRG) on silage fermentation and in vitro ruminal fermentation. There were six treatments based on the LAB inoculants: 1) no addition of LAB (negative control: NC), additions of 2) commercially-available LAB (positive control: PC), 3) Lactobacillus plantarum (LPL), 4) L. paracasei (LPA), 5) L. acidophilus (LA), and 6) L. pentosus (LPT). All treatments were inoculated at a concentration of 10⁶ CFU/g and ensiled for 3, 7, 21, and 42 days in triplicate and analyzed for nutritive values when ensiling was terminated. Day 42 silage from all treatments were also examined for in vitro ruminal fermentation. After 42 days, LAB-inoculated silages had higher (P<0.05) lactic acid concentration compared to the NC. In terms of nutritive values, the silages treated with LPA, LA, and LPT showed higher (P<0.05) crude protein and lower (P<0.05) neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content compared to the rest of the treatment. In vitro ruminal dry matter degradability was not affected by LAB addition. However, LAB-treated IRG had shown higher (P<0.05) ammonia-N compared with that of the NC. LPA had shown the highest (P<0.05) volatile fatty acid concentration among the LAB examined. In conclusion, the addition of a single strain of LAB appeared to produce a quality IRG silage compared with the NC and the PC. Among the strains examined, LPA seemed to be superior to the others.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.223-236
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to construct Italian ryegrass (IRG) dry matter yield (DMY) estimation models in South Korea based on climatic data by locations. Obviously, the climatic environment of Jeju Island has great differences with Korean Peninsula. Meanwhile, many data points were from Jeju Island in the prepared data set. Statistically significant differences in both DMY values and climatic variables were observed between south areas of Korean Peninsula and Jeju Island. Therefore, the estimation models were constructed separately for south areas of Korean Peninsula and Jeju Island separately. For south areas of Korean Peninsula, a data set with a sample size of 933 during 26 years was used. Four optimal climatic variables were selected through a stepwise approach of multiple regression analysis with DMY as the response variable. Subsequently, via general linear model, the final model including the selected four climatic variables and cultivated locations as dummy variables was constructed. The model could explain 37.7% of the variations in DMY of IRG in south areas of Korean Peninsula. For Jeju Island, a data set containing 130 data points during 17 years were used in the modeling construction via the stepwise approach of multiple regression analysis. The model constructed in this research could explain 51.0% of the variations in DMY of IRG. For the two models, homoscedasticity and the assumption that the mean of the residuals were equal to zero were satisfied. Meanwhile, the fitness of both models was good based on most scatters of predicted DMY values fell within the 95% confidence interval.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.236-250
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of intensive rehabilitation programs on pain, range of motion (ROM), lumbar muscle strength, core muscle endurance, disability, and depression in patients with traumatic low back injuries and to compare the efficacy of this therapy with that of conventional rehabilitation therapy. Methods: The study was performed with a retrospective medical chart review of patients with traumatic low back injury referred to the rehabilitation center at the Daegu Hospital of the Korean Workers Compensation and Welfare Service. Forty-four patients were allocated to either the conventional rehabilitation group (CRG; n = 22) or the intensive rehabilitation group (IRG; n = 22). The CRG group patients, who received 30-min therapist-supervised physical therapy and modality therapy five times per week for four weeks, were compared with the IRG group patients, who received 60-min therapist-supervised physical therapy, 30-min therapist-patient 1:1 matching rehabilitation therapy, and modality therapy five times per week for four weeks. Outcome measures were a numerical rating scale, ROM, lumbar muscle strength, lumbar core muscle endurance, thickness of lumbar deep focal core muscle (transverse abdominis and lumbar multifidus), Oswestry disability index (ODI), and depression (Korean version patient health questionnaire-9). Results: There were statistically significant improvements after treatment in all outcome measures in both groups (p < 0.05). In the intergroup comparison, NRS scores on the activity and thickness of lumbar deep focal core muscles increased significantly more in the IRG than in the CRG (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant intergroup differences in NRS scores on resting, ROM except left lateral bending, lumbar muscle strength, core muscle endurance, ODI, and depression. Conclusions: We could confirm the superior effectiveness of an intensive rehabilitation program compared to conventional rehabilitation therapy in patients with traumatic low back injuries.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.269-276
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• 2014

This study was conducted to determine the quality of italian ryegrass (IRG) and whole- crop barley (WCB) silage combined with heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) during fermentation. Six strains of LAB (L. plantarum IMAU 70164, L. acidophilus KACC 12419, L. casei KACC 12413, L. reuteri KCTC 3594, L. buchneri KACC 12416 and L. diolivorans KACC 12385) were used in this study. L. casei and L. reuteri had the highest propionic acid production and were therefore used for fermenting the forages. The forages were fermented using monoculture and co-culture of L. casei and L. reuteri for 30, 45 and 60 days of ensiling. Addition of LAB lowered the pH of the IRG silage (p<0.05). Moisture content, lactic acid and acetic acid contents were higher (p<0.05) after addition of LAB. Water soluble carbohydrate was significantly lower (p<0.05) in WCB with a co-culture containing L. casei and L. reuteri. Propionic acid production was comparatively higher after addition of LAB to WCB on days 30, 45 and 60 while butyric acid was only detected in the IRG control on day 60. Fungi was not detected within 60 days after addition of LAB in IRG and WCB. Through this experiment, improved forage preservation was achieved using a co-culture containing L. casei and L. reuteri. WCB silage had higher propionic acid concentration and thus, it was a better forage for ensiling using co-culture of L. casei and L. reuteri.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.71-76
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• 2021

In order to establish optimal double cropping system for getting the maximum annual productivity, we investigated annual fresh and dry yields of winter forage crops (WFC), Italian ryegrass (IRG) 'Kowinearly', triticale 'Joseong' and summer forage crop (SFC), 'Jonong' and 'Jowoo' as whole crop silage rice in the paddy field of Yeongseo of Gangwon Province. The double cropping of each crops was applied with 2 standard cultivation method of WFC and SFC from 2018 to 2020. For the WFC, the average percentage of dry matter (29.6%) of IRG 'Kowinearly' was lower than that (35.5%) of triticale 'Joseong'. The average fresh matter yield of IR G 'Kowinearly' was 2,662kg/10a that there was no significant difference from the 2,836kg/10a of triticale 'Joseong'. The average dry matter yield (996kg/10a) of triticale 'Joseong' was more than that (696kg/10a) of IRG 'Kowinearly'. For the summer forage crops, the average percentage of dry matter of whole crop silage rice, 'Jonong' was 34.5% that there was no significant difference from the 35.0% of 'Jowoo'. The average fresh matter yield (5,367kg/10a) of 'Jowoo' was more than that (3,966kg/10a) of 'Jonong'. And the average dry matter yield (1,936kg/10a) of 'Jowoo' was more than that (1,433kg/10a) of 'Jonong'. The total maximum dry matter yield was 2,982kg/10a with the combination of the WFC triticale, 'Joseong' and the SFC whole crop silage rice, 'Jowoo'. In conclusion, the combination of crops that can obtain the maximum yield of high quality forage for double cropping is sowing the WFC triticale, 'Joseong' in mid-October, harvesting 'Joseong' around the end of May and then SFC whole crop silage rice, 'Jowoo', to be transplanted in early June.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.75-84
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• 2012

Mechanized operation model and mechanical cultivation technology for winter barley, rye, Italian ryegrass and sudan grass wrap silage production system at the paddy field for cropping system was developed. Also, a series of experiment were performed and lots of data were collected and analyzed to develope mechanical technology, coverage area, and optimum size of the farm (break-even point) for wrap silage production system. The coverage area for winter barley or rye wrap-silage production system is determined around 61.9, 73.4, 77.5, 88.2 ha in the case of drill seeding and different ripening species by tractor power 50, 75, 100, 130 ps, respectably. The break-even point of the farming size is analyzed as 20 ha and its production cost is estimated around 367, 383, 430, 443 won/TDN-kg in the case of winter barley wrap-silage by tractor power 50, 75, 100, 130 ps, respectably. The break-even point of the farming size is analyzed as coverage area and its production cost is estimated around 237, 215 won/TDN-kg in the case of winter barley wrap silage and sudan grass by the tractor power 50, 100 ps, respectably.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.178-184
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the dry matter yield of (DMY) of Italian ryegrass (IRG) forage crop based on two seeding date (September 25 and October 2) in 2017 and 2018, and evaluation of the potential reason of DMY reduction in IRG cultivars grown at Chuncheon, South Korea. Three cultivars of IRG including Kowinearly, Kowinmaster and Hwasan 104 were used in this experiment. The experimental field was designed as a split-split-plot arrangement. The cultivars were harvested on April 26 before the heading stage of both years. In this study, no significant effect (p>0.05) of seeding date has been found on the DMY, whereas the cultivars and year showed a significant effect on the DMY (p<0.05). Except September 25 of 2017, Hwasan 104 indicated significantly lower (p<0.05) DMY than Kowinearly and Kowinmaster in all seeding periods. Though no significant difference (p>0.05) was observed for the DMY between the two seeding dates in 2018, but the DMY was significantly lower (p<0.05) than that of 2017. Lower crude protein (CP) content of Kowinearly was observed on the seeding date of October 2 of 2017, and also in both seeding dates on 2018 (p<0.05). No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in acid detergent fiber (ADF) between the cultivars on both seeding dates and years. Similarly, no significant difference (p>0.05) was found in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) between the cultivars in 2017. However, Kowinearly showed higher NDF content as compared to Kowinmaster and Hwasan 104 on both seeding dates and years. The seeding date has no significant difference (p>0.05). Thus, considering the extent of DMY in both years, the mean minimum temperature during winter season could be the limiting factor for the DMY of IRG cultivars. However, based on this study, the seeding dates of September 25 and October 2 have no potential effect on the DMY. Thus, on the basis of the current DMY and forge quality parameters, the cultivation Kowinmaster is recommended in Chuncheon.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.428-434
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• 2021

To study whether the area under the cultivation of Italian ryegrass (IRG) has increased with rise in global temperatures, we investigated the effects of climatic variables on seed productivity in different parts of Gangwon-do, South Korea. Specifically, IRG was cultivated in the western (Gangneung), central (Wonju), and northern (Chuncheon) parts of Gangwon-do. The heading date of IRG in Gangneung was earlier than that in the other regions. Moreover, the values of agronomic traits, including spikelets per spike, grains per spike, and thousand-grain weight, were lower in Chuncheon. However, there were no differences spikelets per spike and grains per spike between Wonju and Gangneung. Additionally, the thousand-grain weight and seed production were higher in Gangneung. Statistical correlation analysis between climatic variables and agronomic traits revealed that the mean daily minimum temperature was positively correlated with seed formation-related traits in April and seed maturity-related traits in May. In the light of rising minimum temperatures in Gangwon-do, Gangneung, Chuncheon and Wonju are suitable areas for IRG cultivation with optimal seed productivity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.295-301
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• 2021

In this study we developed the ground-based multispectral camera system to determine proper period to build and apply the calibration equation for dry matter of winter forage corps monitoring by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of rye, whole barley and Italian ryegrass (IRG) were measured and the growth period was divide by NDVI increasing period and decreasing period. Day of the maximum NDVI value of rye, whole barley and IRG were 8th, 9th and 5th April 2020. Regression analysis showed that the correlation coefficients (R²) between dry matter and NDVI were 0.84, 0.84, 0.78 during NDVI increasing period and 0.00, 0.02, 0.27 during NDVI decreasing period. Therefore, detailed NDVI monitoring is required to determine the proper period to build and apply the calibration equation and the ground-based multispectral camera system was effective tool for detailed NDVI monitoring.