• International Area Studies Review
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.3-21
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• 2018

The WTO was established in 1995 as an organization which protects and promotes free trade among its members. However, since about this time they have signed many bilateral and multilateral FTAs and joined many other new international agreements and organizations, the purpose of which at times overlaps with that of the WTO. Some existing works on international organizations contend that these FTAs and many other IOs could weaken the role of the WTO as a promoter of free trade. However, the results of regression analyses on the use of the WTO do not support this argument, but show that the experiences of WTO members in these FTAs and many other IOs help them to use its dispute settlement mechanism more frequently

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.63-69
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• 2022

PURPOSE. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the accuracy (trueness and precision) of five intraoral scanners (IOS) using a novel reference model for standardized performance evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Five IOSs (Medit i500, Omnicam, Primescan, Trios 3, Trios 4) were used to digitize the reference model, which represented a simplified full-arch situation with four abutment teeth. Each IOS was used five times by an experienced operator, resulting in 25 STL (Standard Tessellation Language) files. STL data were imported into 3D software (Final Surface^®) and examined for inter- and intra-group analyses. Deviations in the parameter matching error were calculated. ANOVA F-test and Kruskal-Wallis test were applied for inter-group comparisons (α = .05); and the coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated for intra-group comparisons (in % ± SD). RESULTS. Primescan (matching error value: 0.015), Trios 3 (0.016), and Trios 4 (0.018) revealed comparable results with significantly higher accuracy compared to Medit i500 (0.035) and Omnicam (0.028) (P < .001). For intra-group comparison, Trios 4 demonstrated the most homogenous results (CV 15.8%). CONCLUSION. The novel reference model investigated in this study can be used to assess the performance of dental scanning technologies in the daily routine setting and in research settings.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.362-375
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• 2023

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between gingival thickness (GT) and keratinized gingiva width (KGW), papilla height (PH), and crown ratio (CR) by employing transgingival probing and an intraoral scanner (IOS). Methods: This cross-sectional study examined 360 maxillary anterior teeth from 60 patients. GT was assessed using transgingival probing with an endodontic spreader. KGW, CR, and PH were measured using an IOS. One-way analysis of variance, the Student's t-test, and Spearman correlation coefficients were employed for statistical analysis. Results: Higher GT was significantly associated with thinner KGW in the central region (P=0.019). There was no statistically significant difference in GT between teeth (P=0.06). PH was lower in lateral teeth than in canines (P=0.047), with a PH of 2.99 mm in lateral teeth. The KGW was narrower in canines than in central teeth (P=0.007). A moderate correlation was observed between KGW and PH in the central region (P=0.01), while a weak negative correlation was found between KGW and CR (P=0.043). Conclusions: A moderate negative correlation was found between GT and KGW, as well as between PH and KGW in central teeth. In contrast, a weak negative correlation existed between CR and KGW. The PH (2.99 mm) was lower in lateral teeth than in canines. The traditional paradigm, which suggests a positive correlation between KGW and GT, was reevaluated by measuring KGW using an IOS.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.8
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• pp.842-847
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• 2008

Purpose : Measurement of forced expiratory volume in 1 second ($FEV_1$) is usually difficult to obtain in children under six years of age because it requires active cooperation. This study evaluates the sensitivity of impulse oscillometry system (IOS) parameters for detecting airway obstruction in comparison with $FEV_1$. Methods : We studied 174 children who performed the lung function and methacholine challenge tests to diagnose asthma by IOS and spirometry. Children were divided into two subgroups according to their $PC_{20}$, which is a parameter for bronchial sensitivity. We compared IOS parameters with $FEV_1$ at the baseline, post-methacholine challenge, and evaluated their correlation. Results : At the baseline, reactance at 5 Hz (X5) and resistance at 5 Hz (R5) significantly differed between the $PC_{20}$ positive ($PC_{20}{\leq}16mg/mL$) group and $PC_{20}$ negative ($PC_{20}$ >16 mg/mL) group; however, $FEV_1$, $FEV_1$ % predicted, $FEV_1_-Zs$ (Z score) did not differ. $FEV_1$ is correlated with X5 (r=0.45, P<0.01) and R5 (r=-0.69, P<0.01). $FEV_1_-Zs$ is also correlated with X5_Zs (r=-0.26, P<0.01) and R5_Zs (r=-0.31, P<0.01). After the methacholine challenge test, dose-response slopes in $FEV_1$ and X5 significantly differed between the two subgroups (P<0.05). Conclusion : IOS parameters were more discriminative than $FEV_1$ for detecting decreased baseline lung function between two subgroups and have a good correlation with $FEV_1$.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.351-359
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• 1998

Background: The effects of exercise on pulmonary function are complex and have been the subject of many investigations. But, there has been disputes about the effect of exercise on spirometric parameters and there is no study about the effect of exercise on IOS(Impulse Oscillometry)parameters. IOS, a new method of pulmonary function test, is based on the relationship between the pressure and flow oscillation which is produced by applying sinusoidal pressure oscillation to the respiratory system via the mouth. Method: Fifty-nine young adults without respiratory symptoms were divided into three groups according to degree of exercise(hard exercise group: mean exercise time is over three hours per week at least for the last one month, light exercise group : between thirty minutes to three hours, nonexercise group : less than thirty minutes) and undertaken pulmonary function test(simple spirometry and IOS). Results: The effects of exercise on spirometric parameters; percentage of predictive value of forced vital capacity(FVC % pred) was higher in hard exercise group than nonexercise group(hard exercise group: $102.4{\pm}14.8$, nonexercise group: $93.7{\pm}9.9$, p=0.017), but there was no significant difference in percentage of predicted value of forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV 1 % pred) and percentage of predicted value of forced expiratory flow 50% (FEF 50% pred) between groups. The effects of exercise on IOS parameters: Reactance at 5Hz(X5) was significantly lower in hard exercise group than nonexercise group(hard exercise group: $-0.166{\pm}0.123hPa/1/s$, nonexercise group: $-0.093{\pm}0.036hPa/1/s$, p=0.006) but there was no significant difference in central resistance(Rc), peripheral resistance(Rp), resonance frequency(RF) and resistance at 5Hz, 20Hz between groups. Conclusion: Hard exercise increased FVC % pred on spirometric parameters and decreased reactance at 5Hz(X5) on IOS parameters.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2015

This study is to investigate the accessibility compliance status of smart devices for people with disabilities in the information age, smart and offer improvements. Vision of smart devices, operating systems (IOS, Android, Windows) based smart devices currently in use by most, hearing, investigation and provide handicapped accessibility status and improvement measures derived from a comparative analysis of the Disabled Accessibility Improvement of smart devices was presented.

• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.93-108
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• 1999

There seems to be a renewed interest in interorganizational relationship to search ofr strategic information partnerships. It is particularly noteworthy that no study has yet reported configurations at the level of interorganizational relationships nor compared such configurations across different types of IOS(interorganizational Infromation System). This paper seeks to uncover dominant configurations of interorganizational relationships across the various types of IOS. We integrate relevant theoretical concepts from transaction cost economics, organization theory and political economy to develop a conceptual model of interorganizational relationships based on the fit between information processing needs and information processing capabilities. We empirically uncover a set of hypothesis toward the patterns of interorganizational relationships. Moreover the implications for further research pertaining to the logic and development of configurations were proposed.

• Bulletin of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.36-42
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• 1994

고품질 선박 평가의 중요한 척도인 진동허용 기준에 대한 관심이 점차 높아지고 있다. 진동 허 용기준은 선박 계약시 건조사양에 포함될 뿐 아니라 건조후 시운전 결과 평가시나 인도후 아프터 서비스 과정에서도 선주와 건조자간에 자주 거론되는 항목이다. 평가 관점으로서는 .승무원의 거주성 및 작업성 .구조 부재의 피로파괴 발생 가능성 .기계기기 기구들의 성능 보존성 등이 있으며 IOS(국제표준화기구)나 여러 선급 기준들이 사용되고 있다. 그러나 보다 쾌적한 거주구나 작업 구역을 원하는 탑승자들의 욕구가 커짐에 따라 최근 저 진동선을 요구하는 선주 들의 허용기준에 대한 관심 또한 늘어나고 있다. 이에 따라 IOS는 선박진동의 종합평가 기준인 IOS 6954 개정 작업을 진행중에 있으며 일부 선급에서도 자체적으로 보완한 기준들을 제시하고 있다. 반면에 조선소들의 입장에서 보면 그간 진동 예측 방법과 방진설계 기술이 발전된 덕분에 심각한 진동문제는 많이 줄어들었다 하겠으나 90년대 아후 선박의 고속화에 따른 기진력 증가로 인하여 저 진동 선박 건조가 쉽지만은 않은 것이 최근의 상황이다. 따라서 본 고에서는 현재 사용되는 각종 선박진동 허용 기준들을 다시 정리하고 그중 강화될 전망이 있는 거주구 진동 허용기준에 대한 변화 추세를 살펴보고자 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Industrial Systems Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.251-275
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• 2003

Given the importance of adoption of the IOS (Interorganizational System) and the “much-slower-than-anticipated” growth of IOS adoption, especially in small- and midium firms, this study aimed to identify the key determinants of small- and midium-sized firms' ISO usage. Based on prior research on IT/EDI adoption in various organizations, the model that incorporates 9 factors that are hypothesized to have influence on the ISO usage decision was developed and empirically tested against data collected from 114 small- and midium-seized firms' top management. The results show that perceived financial costs are found to be major impediments to usage intention, and perceptions of relative advantage, compatibility, risk are also important determinants of ISO usage intention in small- and midium-sized firms. Implications of these findings are duscussed for researchers and practitioners.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.957-968
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• 1995

Generalized Multichannel Quantum Defect theory (MQDT) was implemented to the vibrational predissociation of triatomic van der Waals molecules in the previous paper [Bull. Korean Chem. Soc, 12, 228 (1991)]. Implementation was limited to the calculation of the scattering matrix. It is now extended to the calculation of the predissociation spectra and the final rotational distribution of the photofragment. The comparison of the results with those obtained by other methods, such as Golden-rule type calculation, infinite order sudden approximation (IOS), and close-coupling method, shows that the implementation is successful despite the fact that transition dipole moments show more energy dependence than other quantum defect parameters. Examination of the short-range channel basis functions shows that they resemble angle-like functions and provide the validity of the IOS approximation. Besides the validity of the latter, only a few angles are found to play the major role in photodissociation. In addition to the implementation of MQDT, more progress in MQDT itself is made and reported here.