• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.115-125
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• 1995

Reports about the prevalence of premenstrual symptoms state that occurs in 20 to 100% of most reproductive-age women. There is a close association between premenstrual syndrome and affective disorders as well as same some other psychiatric disorders. Late luteal phase dysphoric disorder (LLPDD) is a premenstrual condition defined in DSM-III-R by severe mood changes and other symptoms that repeatedly occur only in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. However, DSM-III-R does not specify how to compute the change from the follicular to the luteal phase or how to determine when the amount of change is great enough to warrant the diagnosis nor how to determine occupational or social functional impairment. This study was conducted to evaluate the nature, severity and magnitude of premenstrual syndrome in women with current psychiatric disorders by using prospective Daily Rating Form(DRF), and to measure symptom changes according to three scoring methods for diagnosing LLPDD. Our study obtains the data about premenstrual changes estimated by DRF from 22 women with psychiatric disorders who had met criteria for major depressive syndrome on the Premenstrual Assessment Form (PAF). The data was scored by each three methods and was determined to meet criteria A for LLPDD. The results are as follows: 1) the subjects, when scored according to the percent change method, effect size method and absolute severity method, met the DSM-III-R criteria A for LLPDD in 36.4% (8 subjects), 14% (3 subjects) and 4.5% (1 subject) of the cases respectively. 2) The items of irritability, anger and impatience were occurred most frequently on the DRF, when it was scored according to the three scoring methods. And the item of breast pain was next frequent according to the effect size method and the percent change method but according to the absolute severity method. 3) The PAF item of impaired social functioning was reported by 16 (73%) of the subjects. 4) 4 (18%) of the subjects met criteria A for LLPDD and reported impaired social functioning. The prevalency of LLPDD according to each method varied. The percent change method yielded the greatest (36.4%), and the absolute seventy method yielded the laest (4.5%), The effect size method yielded an intermediate frequency (14%). Therefore, for maximizing the diagnostic accuracy of LLPDD, a diagnostic procedure including a measure of change (e.q., effect size method, percent change method) as well as confirmed diagnosis by DRF, will be needed. Also, an accurate tool to evaluate impaired social functioning will be required.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.75-89
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• 2024

As the problem of lowering the efficiency of urban services in small and medium-sized cities in the non-metropolitan area intensifies, the necessity of developing a railway station area is being emphasized to form a compressed urban space through regional bases. Although major station areas in large cities are being developed in the form of complex, the analysis of the development location characteristics of the small and medium-sized city station areas is insufficient. The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of development project conditions and potential demand in the high-speed rail station areas across the country, identify the differences in locational characteristics according to the type of city, such as 'metropolitan city', 'large city in non-metropolitan city', 'medium and small city in non-metropolitan city', and find out the appropriate development method. As a result of the analysis, it was analyzed that the 'metropolitan area metropolitan area' has high potential demand and poor business conditions. On the other hand, in the case of the non-metropolitan area, it was analyzed that the 'small and medium-sized city station area' has good business conditions and low potential demand characteristics, and the 'large city station area' has intermediate characteristics. This suggests the need for different development methods in the development of metropolitan and small and medium-sized city station areas. The analysis results of this study show that it is desirable to encourage private participation in large-scale metropolitan station areas, which require large-scale input, to maximize potential demand, and to encourage private participation through public-led projects based on favorable business conditions or development based on regional characteristics.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2001

Purpose: $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO is a radiopharmaceutical for imaging cerebral blood flow. HMPAO (RR, SS)-4.8-diaza-3,6,6,9-tetramethylundecan-2,10- dione bisoxime) has three stereoismers such as, meso-. d-, and l-HMPAO. Techentium complexes of meso-HMPAO and d,l-HMPAO are known to have different in vivo brain uptakes. In this study, enantiomers of HMPAO (d-HMPAO and l-HMPAO) were separated from d,l-HMPAO. These enantiomers were labeled with $^{99m}Tc$ and the biodistribution studies were performed in mice. Materials and Methods: An intermediate imine product was produced from 2,3-butanedione monooxime and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine (54% yield) and was reduced into a mixture of three isomers (35% yield). The meso-isomer was separated from d,l-mixture by repeated fractional crystallization (11 % yield). The d- and l-enantiomers were subsequently separated by co-crystallization with optical isomers of tartaric acid (25% and 5% yield. respectively). Each enantiomeric HMPAO was labeled with $^{99m}Tc$ by reacting with $SnCI_2{\cdot}2H_2O\;and\;^{99m}Tc$-pertechnetate. Biodistribution study was performed 1 hr after tail vein injection to ICR mice. Results: Radiochemical purities of each compound were over 80%. In biodistribution study. the brain uptakes of d,l- d- and l-form were 1.34, 1.12 and 1.67% ID/g, respectively. In case of l-lsomer the brain uptake was higher (1.5 fold) than d-isomer. Conclusion: We successfully purified each enantiomeric HMPAO. In biodistribution study of stereoismers of $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO in mice, l-HMPAO may show better brain image than d,l-HMPAO which was supplied in a commercial kit.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.70-79
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• 1999

This study attempts to encourage the development of a rehabilitation delivery system as a substitute service for hospitalization such as a community based intermediate facility or home health care. We need substitute services for hospitalization to curtail the length of stay for inpatients due to car accidents. It focused on developing an estimation for early discharge based on a detailed statement of treatment from medical records of 109 inpatients who were hospitalized at General Hospital in 1997. This study has three specific purposes: First, to find the mean length of stay and mean medical expenditure. Second, to estimate the mean of early discharge from the mean length of stay. Third, to analyize the income effect per bed from early discharge. In order to analyze the length of stay and medical expenditure of inpatients the author conducted a micro and macro-analysis with medical expenditure records. To estimate the early discharge we examined with a group of 4 experts decreases in the amount of treatment after surgery, in treatments, in tests, in drug methods. We also looked their vital signs, the start of ROM exercise, the time removel, a patient's visitations, and possible stable conditions. In addition to identifing the income effect due to an early discharge, the data was analyzed by an SPSS-PC for windows and Excell program with a regression analysis model. The research findings are as follows: First, the mean length of stay was 47.56 days, but the mean length of stay due to early discharge was 32.26 days. The estimation of early discharge days was shown to depend on the length of stay. The longer the length of stay, the longer the length before discharge. For example, if the patient stayed under 14 days the mean length of stay was 7.09 while an early discharge was 6.39, whereas if the mean length of stay was 155.73, the early discharge time was 107.43. The mean medical expenditure per day of car accident patients was found to be 169,085 Won, whereas the mean medical expenditure per day was shown to be in a negative linear form according to the length of stay. That is the mean expenditure for under 14 days of stay was 303,015 Won and the period of the hospitalization of 15 days to 29 days was 170,338 Won and those of 30 days to 59 days was 113,333 Won. The estimation of the income effect due to being discharged 16 days was around 2,350,000 Won with a regression analysis model. However, this does not show the real benefits from an early discharge, but only the income increasing amount without considering prime medical cost at a general hospital. Therefore, we need further analysis on cost containments and benefits incending turn over rates and medical prime costs. From these research findings, the following suggestions have been drawn, we need to develop strategies on a rehabilitation delivery system focused on consumers for the 21st century. Varions intermediate facilities and home health care should be developed in the community as a substitute for shortening the length of stay in hospitals. In home health care cases, patients who want rehabilitation services as a substitute for hospitalization in cooperation with private health insurance companies might be available immediately.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.353-363
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• 1999

The Cretaceous and the Upper Jurassic strata of the Korean Peninsula, entirely of continental facies, form a sedimentary mega-unit subdivided into three unconformity-bounded units. The lower, Upper Jurassic-early Lower Cretaceous unit (Jasong Synthem) occurs profusely in North Korea and is characterized by volcanic rocks of intermediate to acidic, calc-alkaline to alkaline compositions; but strata of this unit is very rare in South Korea. The middle, Hauterivian-Lower Albian unit occurs commonly in the Korean Peninsula, but some alkalinesubalkaline basalt and andesite occur only in South Korea. A recently obtained U-Pb isochron age about 113.6 Ma (Chang et at, 1998) from the zircon grains of the Kusandong Tuff in the uppermost part of the Haman Formation has thrown much light on the age of this unit. The stratotype of this Hauterivian-L. Albian unit is the Sindong and Hayang Groups of the Kyongsang Basin, where the unit is about twice thick and has more conglomerates than in sedimentary basins in North Korea. The unit shows various sedimentary cycles in different basins showing that the cyclicity is controlled by local crustal motion. The upper, Upper Albian-Upper Cretaceous unit is abundant in South Korea with prolific volcanic rocks which are intermediate to acidic and notably calc-alkaline. In North Korea, however, this unit occurs in only one locality without volcanic rocks and is not voluminous. The distribution of these three unconformity-bounded units shows a stepwise younging toward the Pacific Ocean: the lower unit occurs mainly in N Korea, the middle unit occurs in both N and S Korea, and the upper unit occurs mainly in the southern part of S Korea. The Cretaceous sedimentary basins of S Korea were genetically controlled by paralleling sinistral strike-slip faults parallel to the Pacific margin.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.403-409
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• 2000

The formation and dissociation rates of $Zn^{2+}$ Complexes with l,4,7,10-tetraaza-13,16-diox-acyclooctadecane-N,N',N",N'"-tetraacetic acid (1), 1,4,7,10-tetraaza-13,16- dioxacyclooctadecane-N,N',N",N'"-tetramethylacetic acid (2), and 1,4,7,10-tetraaza-13,16- dioxacyclooctadecane-N,N',N",N'"-tetrapropionic acid(3) have been measured by stopped-flow and conventional spectrophotometry. Observations were made at 25.0$\pm$0.1 $^{\circ}C$ and at an ionic strength of 0.10 M NaClO$_4$. The formation reactions of $Zn^{2+}$ ion with 1 and 2 took place by the rapid formation of an intermediate complex (ZnH$_3L^+$) in which the $Zn^{2+}$ ion is incompletely coor-dinated. This might then lead to be a final product in the rate-determining step.ln the pH range 4.76-5.76, the diprotonated (H2L2-) form is the kinetically active species despite of its low concentration. The stability con-stants (log$K_{(ZnH$_3$3$L^+$)}$) and specific water-assisted rate constants (koH) of intermediate complexes have been deter-mined from the kinetic data. The dissociation reactions of $Zn^{2+}$ complexes of 1,2, and 3 were investigated with $Cu^{2+}$ ions as a scavenger in acetate buffer. All complexes exhibit acid-independent and acid-catalyzed con-tributions. The effect of buffer and $Cu^{2+}$ concentration on the dissociation rate has also been investigated. The ligand effect on t dissociation rate of $Zn^{2+}$ complexes is discussed in terms of the side-pendant armsand the chelate ring sizes of the ligands.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.11
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• pp.121-132
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• 1993

This study was carried out to research the effect of the chemotaxis of Bradyrhizobium japonicum KCTC 2422 and its mutant toward soybean root exudate and to elucidate the effect of the lectin of host specificity (Host Recognition) in soybean-Bradyrhizobium symbiosis. The results obtained were as follows: The homogeneities of the purified lectins from soybean and pea seed was ascertained chromatographically and electrophoretically. Gel electrophoresis of soybean lectin in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate appeared a single protein band, whereas pea lectin appeared two protein bands. Soybean lectin from 2 cultivars formed immunoprecipitin arcs at same position with anti-soybean lectin rabbit IgG, but pea lectin did not form immunoprecipitin lines with anti-soybean lectin rabbit IgG. Chemotactic responses of KCTC 2422, LPN-100 and LCR-101 toward proline in capillary assays were 3.1, 1.3 and 1.0-fold above background, respectively. The chemotactic responses of KCTC 2422, LPN-100, and LCR-101 toward Paldal crude root exudate in capillary assays were 3.5, 1.4 and 1.4-fold above background, respectively. The present work shows that B. japonicum and its mutants are capable of very different responses toward root exudate fraction. The chemotactic responses of KCTC 2422 was most with neutral fraction, least with anionic fraction and intermediate with cationic fraction. The nitrogenase activity of soybean nodule was shown in 15days after inoculation with LCR-101. However, we couldn't find out the nodules when soybean was inoculated with LPN-100. From these result we can suppose that the chemotaxis of Bradyrhizobium plays inportant the role of forming the nodule (host recognition) in the soybean-B. japonicum symbiosis.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.153-163
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• 2020

Mineral and geochemical analysis were conducted on two sections (~3.5 m) of red-brown claysilt sediments covering the gneiss and granite weathering zones in Suwon-si for establishing Quaternary paleoenvironmental changes in Korea. The sections were divided into four sedimentary layers (Unit 1-4) by vertical changes in mineral composition and chemical composition. The lowermost unit 1 was a sandy sediment with a high K-feldspar content with a significant contribution of weathered bedrock. Unit 2 was a transition layer showing intermediate characteristics. Unit 3 was a reddish brown clay-silt sediment, with a total clay content of 58% on average, and the main clay minerals were illite-smectite mixed layer minerals and hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite/smectite. Unit 3 contained almost no plagioclase, while the content of kaolin minerals derived by the plagioclase weathering was higher than in the other layers. Unit 4 had similar mineral composition and chemical properties to Unit 3, but had a higher content of plagioclase and chlorite and lower content of kaolin minerals. The chemical compositions of the sections were compared with those in other regions of Korea, suggesting the eolian origin of Units 3 and 4. The paleoenvironmental change in the sedimentary section of this region was interpreted as follows. Weathered products of gneiss and granite, which are bedrocks of this region, were eroded and deposited as sandy sediments in the periphery to form the lower layers (Unit 1, 2), followed by the deposition of the claysilty rich eolian sediments (Unit 3) during the glacial. Unit 3 was chemically weathered during the warm humid climate during the last interglacial, developing a reddish brown color. After that, a eolian sediment layer (Unit 4) was deposited during the last glacial.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2003

Anatomical and histological observations were used to examine the morphological differentiation and development of the digestive tract during ontogenesis in tiger puffer, Taklyugu rubripes. Before hatching, the digestive tract was located between yolk sac and notochord of embryo. Newly hatched larvae had a straight tubular digestive tract. The larval mouth opened at 2 days after hatching (DAH). At 4 DAH, sphincters separated the digestive tract into the esophagus, anterior intestine, mid-intestine and rectum, and the anus was opened. At 5 DAH, the larval intestine bent between the anterior and intermediate parts and mucous cells developed in the esophageal epithelium. At this time yolk sac was absorbed completely. At 6 DAM, the digestive tract was differentiated into the U type with expansion of the anterior intestine toward the head of the larvae. At 10 DAH, the expanding anterior intestine became wider and a elliptical. At 15 DAH, the anterior intestine was divided into two portions by invagination of dorsal epithelium and the mid-intestine was convoluted dorsally. At 21 DAM, the frontal portion of the anterior intestine formed a differentiated expansion sac. At 24 DAH, the second convolution was observed in the anterior part of the posterior intestine. At 30 DAH the expansion sac was extended longitudinally and the digestive tract took on the form seen in adult fish.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2012

Numerous scientists who are engaged in compute-intensive researches require more computing facilities than before, while the computing resource and techniques are increasingly becoming more advanced. For this reason, many works for e-Science environment have been actively invested and established around the world, but still the scientists look for an intuitive experimental environment, which is guaranteed the improved environmental facilities without additional configurations or installations. In this paper, we present an integrated scientific workflow execution environment for Scientific applications supporting workflow design with high performance computing infrastructure and accessibility for web browser. This portal supports automated consecutive execution of computation jobs in order of the form defined by workflow design tool and execution service concerning characteristics of each job to batch over distributed grid resources. Workflow editor of the portal presents a high-level frontend and easy-to-use interface with monitoring service, which shows the status of workflow execution in real time so that user can check the intermediate data during experiments. Therefore, the scientists can take advantages of the environment to improve the productivity of study based on HTC.