• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.879-885
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• 2008

죽의 1회분량 당 총 열량은 148.8(대추죽)${\sim}294.1\;kcal$(잣죽)의 넓은 범위를 나타냈다. 음식별로 열량 함량을 보았을 때 잣죽이 294.1 kcal로 KDRI 한끼 기준량의 33.3%를 제공하여 잣죽의 열량이 가장 높았으며, 팥죽(285 kcal, 31.7%), 닭죽(249.5 kcal, 27.7%), 호박죽(243.8 kcal, 27.1%)의 순으로 열량이 높았다. 대추죽은 148.8 kcal로 가장 열량이 낮았다. 죽류의 1회분량 당 탄수화물 함량은 23.0(닭죽)${\sim}52.1\;g$(팥죽)의 범위의 수준이었으며, 평균 $34.7{\pm}9.1\;g$로 KDRI 한끼 탄수화물 권장량의 24.4%를 공급하였다. 죽류의 1회 분량 당 탄수화물 함량을 분석한 결과를 보았을 때 팥죽의 탄수화물 함량이 가장 많아 1회분량 당 탄수화물 함량이 52.1 g으로 KDRI 한끼 기준량에 36.7%를 제공하였으며, 다음으로 호박죽이 51.4 g으로 KDRI 한끼 기준량에 36.2%를 제공하였다. 1회분량 당 탄수화물 함량이 가장 작은 음식은 닭죽(23.0 g, 16.2%)으로 탄수화물 함량이 가장 낮았다. 음식별 탄수화물 영양밀도는 대추죽이 INQ 1.4로 가장 높아 다른 죽류보다 열량이 가장 낮은 반면 탄수화물 공급이 우수하였다. 그 다음으로 흰죽(INQ 1.3)과 호박죽(INQ 1.3) 순으로 탄수화물 영양밀도가 우수하였다. 반면 잣죽(INQ 0.6)과 닭죽(INQ 0.6)은 탄수화물 영양밀도가 낮아 다른 죽 종류보다 열량은 높은 반면 탄수화물의 함량이 낮았다. 죽류의 단백질 함량은 2.3(흰죽)${\sim}22.3\;g$(닭죽)의 범위 수준으로, 평균 $8.2{\pm}4.9\;g$로 KDRI 한끼 단백질 권장량의 25.6%를 공급하였다. 분석한 죽류 중 닭죽이 단백질 함량이 $22.3{\pm}0.03\;g$으로 가장 높았고, KDRI 한끼 단백질 권장량에 69.7%로 팥죽($12.6{\pm}0.14\;g$, 39.4%)과 콩죽($11.0{\pm}0.11\;g$, 34.4%) 등 두류를 첨가된 죽의 단백질 함량이 높았다. 단백질의 영양밀도가 가장 높은 음식 역시 닭죽(INQ 2.5)이 가장 높았고, 굴죽(INQ 1.5), 콩죽(INQ 1.3) 순으로 단백질 영양밀도가 우수하였고, 굴죽이 열량은 낮은 반면 단백질을 섭취할 수 있는 우수한 급원 음식임을 알 수 있다. 죽류의 지방 함량은 0.3(대추죽)${\sim}17.8\;g$(잣죽)의 범위였고, 평균 $4.8{\pm}4.5\;g$로 KDRI 한끼 지방 권장량의 21.1%를 공급하였다. 분석한 죽 중 지방함량이 가장 높은 음식은 잣죽으로 지방 함량이 $17.8{\pm}0.12\;g$으로 가장 높았고, KDRI 한끼 지방 권장량에 77.4%이었다. 콩죽($9.0{\pm}1.0\;g$, 39.1%)과 닭죽($7.6{\pm}0.17\;g$, 33.0%)의 지방함량이 높았다. 죽류 중 1회 분량 당 지방 함량이 가장 낮은 음식은 대추죽($0.3{\pm}0.01\;g$)으로 KDRI 한끼 지방 권장량에 1.3%를 공급하였다. 지방의 영양밀도는 잣죽(INQ 2.4), 흑임자죽(INQ 1.5), 콩죽(INQ 1.5) 순으로 지방 영양밀도가 우수하였다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 얻어진 한국 전통죽의 영양소 함량에 대한 자료가 국내외 한식당, 학교 및 산업체 급식 등 단체급식장에서 널리 활용되어 한국전통음식의 보급이 확대되는 기틀이 되기를 기대한다. 또한, 한국음식의 영양 성분에 대한 평균적인 data를 도출하기 위해서는 보다 확장해서 연구하고, 이에 대한 영양정보제공 등이 필요하다고 본다.

• Educational Technology International
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.203-228
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• 2016

This study was designed to determine the factors affecting learner satisfaction and examine the relationships of these factors in mobile learning linked to pre-existing e-learning in universities. In the structural model used, three mobile learning quality factors are the endogenous variables, namely, system quality (SYQ), information quality (INQ) and service quality (SEQ) perceived by students, and learner satisfaction (LS), whereas students' self-efficacy (SE) and experience (EX) in mobile learning are the exogenous variables. The subjects were 900 students who registered for mobile learning courses offered by a private university in Seoul, Korea. The results indicated that SE in mobile learning had positive effects on SYQ, INQ, and SEQ. Furthermore, SE influenced LS when analyzed without quality factors as parameters. Mobile learning EX directly affected INQ, but not SYQ or SEQ. EX likewise had a direct effect on LS when analyzed without quality factors as parameters. Meanwhile, both SYQ and INQ showed a positive effect on LS, but not SEQ. SE and EX affected LS indirectly when SYQ and INQ were used as parameters. This study addresses the importance of increasing SE, EX, SYQ, and INQ to increase LS in mobile learning in universities

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.421-430
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• 1999

A neural network system was applied in order to analyze the nutritional and other factors influencing chronic diseases. Five different nutrition evaluation methods including SD Score, %RDA, NAR INQ and %RDA-SD Score were utilized to facilitate nutrient data for the system. Observing top three chronic disease prediction ratio, WHR using SD Score was the most frequently quoted factor revealing the highest predication rate as 62.0%. Other high prediction rates using other data processing methods are as follows. Prediction rate with %RDA, NAR, INQ and %RDA-SD Score were 58.5%(diabetes), 53.5%(hyperlipidemia), 51.6%(diabetes), and 58.0%(diabetes)respectively. Higher prediction rate was observed using either NAR or INQ for obesity as 51.7% and 50.9% compared to the previous result using SD Score. After reviewing appearance rate for all chronic disease and for various data processing method used, it was found that iron and vitamin C were the most frequently cited factors resulting in high prediction rate.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.248-259
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Adequate nutritional intake is essential for good health and well-being. We aimed to compare the nutrient intake from homemade meals, meals sourced externally ("eating out"), and meals from workplace foodservices, as well as the potential association between foodservices used and nutritional quality among adult Korean workers. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationwide cross-sectional survey on the health and nutritional status of the Korean population. Data from 6,845 workers aged 20-64 years were included. A survey on dietary behavior and nutrition was conducted using the 24-h dietary recall method. Nutritional quality was examined using the index of nutritional quality (INQ) score. Higher INQ scores reflected poorer nutritional quality, with insufficient intake of a higher number of nutrients. Multivariate linear regression was used to identify the association between the foodservices used and INQ scores after adjusting for other covariates. RESULTS: We found that foodservice users exhibited a higher 1-day intake of total energy and macronutrients (all P < 0.05) and lower INQ scores (P < 0.01) than non-users. The INQ scores for total daily meals decreased with the frequency of foodservice use (P < 0.01). A significant association was observed between the non-use of foodservices and INQ scores (β = 0.29, P < 0.01) after adjusting for other covariates. CONCLUSIONS: The use of workplace foodservices contributed to higher dietary nutritional quality among workers. This study highlights the importance of expanding the scope of workplace foodservices to promote higher nutritional quality and healthy dietary habits among workers.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.114-124
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• 2005

The nutritional status of pre-school children is important for both physical growth and functional development. This study investigated the anthropometric, nutrient intakes and dietary quality of the pre-school children living in Asan for planning nutritional education program. The dietary intakes were measured by 2-day 24 hr recall recorded by children's mothers and the anthropometric data were collected by measuring children's weights, heights, and percent body fat at Asan Public Health Center. The children were 161 boys and 129 girls aged 5 and 6 years. When children's nutritional status was determined by their anthropometric status (underweight, normal weight and overweight) determined by z-score (normal range between -1.00 and 1.00), only 1.4% of the children belonged to underweight group while 55.7% and 42.9% belonged to normal and overweight groups, respectively. Significantly higher number of children belonged to overweight group for 5 year-olds. No differences were observed in nutrient intakes, nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and index of nutritional quality (INQ) values among nutritional status groups. Intakes of the most nutrients were adequate, but NAR and INQ of calcium and zinc were low. When nutrient intakes, NAR and INQ were compared by sex or age, all nutrient intakes were appropriate except calcium and zinc intakes of 6 year-olds. Nutrient intakes of 5 years were higher than those of 6 years. The mean of nutrient adequacy ratio (MAR) was 0.85 and mean INQ was 1.51 for all participants. The nutritional management program for pre-school children in Asan would be directed differently by age groups and education material should contain contents educating to consume moderate amount of food for 5 year-olds and to increase intake of foods with mineral nutrients such as calcium and zinc for 6 year-olds.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.880-891
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate nutrients intakes and nutritional quality of Adults and Elderly People in an island area (Wando). A three-day dietary intakes survey, using a 24 hour recall method was obtained from 187 subjects aged 46 to 84 (mean age 65.3) living in an island area (Wando). Nutient intakes were analyzed using CAN-Pro soft program and compared to Korean RDA. The quality of nutrients was assessed by analyzing nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), mean adequacy ratio (MAR), and index of nutritional quality (INQ). The average daily mean energy intakes were 1869.0 kcal for males and 1943.9 kcal for females, respectively. Daily intakes of protein for males and females were 28.0 and 30.4 g and those of fat were 31.5 and 28.51 g, respectively. Nutrient consumed below $75\%$ of Korean RDA was protein, vitamin A, Ca and Zn in both males and females. Average CPF ratio of males and females were 78.8 : 6.0 : 15.1 and 80.0 : 6.4 13.4, respectively. Energy intake ratio from protein was significantly higher in over 60 years males. Carbohydrate dependency decreased with age. Protein dependency increased with age. Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of energy, protein vitamin A and vitamin E were increased with age in males. The mean adequacy ratio (MAR), an index of overall dietary quality, were not significantly different by age group. Average MAR for males and females was 0.77 and 0.78, respectively. The index of nutritional quality (INQ) showed the tendency to decrease with age. Especially, there were significantly decreases in INQ of all nutrients, except protein, with age. Based on these results, it is evident that people in the island area did not consume enough nutrients. Specially, dietary intake of protein, vitamin A, vitamin E, and Ca were not adequate. (Korean J Community Nutrition 10(6) : $880\∼891$, 2005)

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.87-95
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• 2015

Objectives: Maintaining a balanced diet and thus health is crucial for adolescents, and the first step for balanced diet practice is meal planning. Adolescents, however, find it difficult to plan their meals. This study thus was set out to design an easier way of planning meals for adolescent girls. Methods: A dish-based target pattern for adolescent girls was tabulated, and validity of this was examined. Meal plan applying a dish-based target pattern was prepared by 150 female middle school students, and nutritional adequacies of those meal plans were examined. Validity and adequacy were tested by energy content, energy contribution ratio, nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), probability of nutrient inadequacy, index of nutritional quality (INQ) calculation. Results: A dish-based target pattern with 11 dish groups was validated for nutritional adequacy. Though the NAR of calcium was 0.96, the INQ of calcium was 1.00. The average energy supply from the meal plans was 2,379 kcal, higher than the estimated energy requirement of a female middle school student, but the energy contribution ratio of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats were all adequate according to the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR). NAR of all nutrients examined were 1.0, except for calcium. The NAR and INQ of calcium were 0.87 and 0.75, respectively, and the meal plans at risk for calcium inadequacy was 19.30%. Conclusions: A dish-based target pattern proposed for adolescent girls was valid, but the meal plan prepared by female middle school students using this approach was high in energy and low in calcium supply. To cut down the energy supply from the meal plan, it is necessary to recommend dishes low in fat and use low fat cooking methods. To increase the calcium supply, it is important to recommend seaweed and legume group dishes with higher Ca INQ food items.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.65-76
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• 2006

This is an analysis of the dietary behavior, nutrient intake status and INQ(Index of nutritional quality) of 129 college women according to their residences in the Daegu area. The average height and weight were 160.0 cm and 54.5 kg respectively. Diet intake data were obtained by using the 24-hour recall method to evaluate the usual diet of the subjects. The energy intake of the group, living alone was higher than that of living a roommate and living at home. Ca, Fe, Zn and folate intakes were low in all the groups. The composition rate of carbohydrate, protein and fat for energy intake was 58.9 : 15.5 : 25.6 in living alone, 59.9 : 15.1 : 25.0 in living with a roommate and 61.2 : 15.5 : 23.3 in living at home, compared with the preferred of 65 : 15 : 20. The group living alone showed significantly better mean adequacy ratio(MAR, 0.7) than the other groups (p<0.05). The group living with a roommate showed significantly better INQ in vitamin $B_6$ (p<0.01) and Fe (p<0.05) than the other groups did In conclusion, this study indicates that nutrient intake in college women in Daegu is considerably lower than the RDA values. Furthermore the group living alone showed better dietary behavior and nutrient intake status than the other groups. A nutrition education program for college women is necessary.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.723-738
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• 2014

This study examined nutrient intake of long-lived men and women living in Jeollanam-do (Gangjin, Goksung, Gurye, Damyang, Boseong, Suncheon, Jangheung) which is known as representative Korean longevity area. Using the 24 hr recall method, dietary nutrient intake data were collected from 134 subjects (67 for 80~89 years old, 67 for more than 90 years old) in spring and fall 2012. Nutrient for each subject were calculated using CAN-pro. Subjects' daily mean intake levels of macronutrients, vitamins and minerals were higher in fall than in spring. Compared to KDRIs, subjects less than recommend (RNI/AI). East consumed nutrients compared to KDRIs were folate, potassium, calcium, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$ and vitamin E. Subjects 232.8~363.1% of recommended intake level for natrium. The nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) was 0.87 for subjects in their 80s and 0.79 for than 90 years old. The average NAR of all subjects was 0.83. The index of nutritional quality (INQ) exceeded 1 for most nutrients except for Ca (0.87), K (0.77), vitamin $B_1$ (0.84), vitamin $B_2$ (0.70) and folate (0.68). The average INQ was 1.31. This study concluded that even though long-lived men and women living in Jeollanam-do consumed less than RNIs, nutrition consumption quality was relatively fine based on NAR and INQ results.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.102-111
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among serum leptin, nutritional status, and the obesity indices of 55 obese children in Daegu and Kyungpook area. Obesity was defined as fat percentage that exceed 25% of body fat mass. Energy and nutritional status were tended to be low, and dietary intake of calcium and iron were less than any other nutrients in all the subjects. Especially, beverage intake of obese group was more than non-obese group. The leptin level were significantly correlated with %RDA of energy (0.41, p < 0.001), protein (0.44, p < 0.001), phosphate (0.40, p < 0.001), iron (0.37, p < 0.001), vitamin A (0.31, p < 0.01), thiamin (0.40, p < 0.001), riboflavin (0.26, p < 0.05), niacin (0.51, p < 0.001), and vitamin C (0.24, p < 0.05). The leptin level were significantly correlated with MAR (mean adequacy ratio, r : 0.43, p <0.001) and INQ (index of nutrient quality) of thiamin (r : 0.22, p <0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that %RDA of niacin in obese group ($R^2$: 0.208, p : 0.001) and total subjects ($R^2$ : 0.257, p : 0.000), MAR (p : 0.003) and INQ (p : 0.048) of niacin in obese group ($R^2$ : 0.255) and MAR (p : 0.000) and rNQ ofca (p : 0.024) in total subjects ($R^2$ : 0.231) may be important independent predictors to leptin level. MAR showed a significantly positive correlation with %fat (r = 0.42, p < 0.01), BMI (r = 0.46, p < 0.01), RW (r : 0.44, p < 0.01), WHR (r : 0.39, p < 0.01) and, "ieRnA (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). These data indicated relationships among leptin level, nutrient intake, %RDA, MAh, and INQ in children.dren.