• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.299-304
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• 2024

Beyond the first nuclear age, which pitted the United States and the Soviet Union against each other, we are now in the second nuclear age, in which the decision-makers of nuclear weapons are diversified among countries large and small. India and Pakistan, two such countries, are antagonistic toward each other and possess nuclear weapons, but their nuclear posture and nuclear strategies are different. The examples of these two countries can provide clues to the future nuclear posture of North Korea, which faces South Korea. In particular, Pakistan's chosen posture of pre-emptive deterrence is a highly offensive nuclear posture that threatens to use nuclear weapons against an adversary to deter aggression. This is an option that can be accomplished even with a small nuclear arsenal that can be used as a first strike, so it seems to be the optimal posture for a nuclear-powered Pakistan to choose in response to an Indian threat. North Korea, which is outgunned by the United States and South Korea, is likely to continue to threaten to use nuclear weapons preemptively like Pakistan. However, it is expected to be defensive and quite conservative, like India, until it actually uses them to maintain its regime.

• Annals of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.350-365
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• 2023

Backgrounds/Aims: Extra hepatic portal venous obstruction (EHPVO) is the most common cause of portal hypertension in Indian children. While endoscopy is the primary modality of management, a subset of patients require surgery. This study aims to report the short- and long-term outcomes of EHPVO patients managed surgically. Methods: All the patients with EHPVO who underwent surgery between August 2007 and December 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Postoperative complications were classified after Clavien-Dindo. Binary logistic regression in Wald methodology was used to determine the predictive factors responsible for unfavourable outcome. Results: Total of 202 patients with EHPVO were operated. Mean age of patients was 20.30 ± 9.96 years, and duration of illness, 90.05 ± 75.13 months. Most common indication for surgery was portal biliopathy (n = 59, 29.2%), followed by bleeding (n = 50, 24.8%). Total of 166 patients (82.2%) had shunt procedure. Splenectomy with esophagogastric devascularization was the second most common surgery (n = 20, 9.9%). Nine major postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo > 3) were observed in 8 patients (4.0%), including 1 (0.5%) operative death. After a median follow-up of 56 months (15-156 months), 166 patients (82.2%) had favourable outcome. In multivariate analysis, associated splenic artery aneurysm (p = 0.007), isolated gastric varices (p = 0.004), preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and stenting (p = 0.015), and shunt occlusion (p < 0.001) were independent predictors of unfavourable long-term outcome. Conclusions: Surgery in EHPVO is safe, affords excellent short- and long-term outcome in patients with symptomatic EHPVO, and may be considered for secondary prophylaxis.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.37-81
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• 2015

AirAsia QZ8501 Jet departed from Juanda International Airport in, Surabaya, Indonesia at 05:35 on Dec. 28, 2014 and was scheduled to arrive at Changi International Airport in Singapore at 08:30 the same day. The aircraft, an Airbus A320-200 crashed into the Java Sea on Dec. 28, 2014 carrying 162 passengers and crew off the coast of Indonesia's second largest city Surabaya on its way to Singapore. Indonesia's AirAsia jet carrying 162 people lost contact with ground control on Dec. 28, 2014. The aircraft's debris was found about 66 miles from the plane's last detected position. The 155 passengers and seven crew members aboard Flight QZ 8501, which vanished from radar 42 minutes after having departed Indonesia's second largest city of Surabaya bound for Singapore early Dec. 28, 2014. AirAsia QZ8501 had on board 137 adult passengers, 17 children and one infant, along with two pilots and five crew members in the aircraft, a majority of them Indonesian nationals. On board Flight QZ8501 were 155 Indonesian, three South Koreans, and one person each from Singapore, Malaysia and the UK. The Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 departed from Kuala Lumpur International Airport on March 8, 2014 at 00:41 local time and was scheduled to land at Beijing's Capital International Airport at 06:30 local time. Malaysia Airlines also marketed as China Southern Airlines Flight 748 (CZ748) through a code-share agreement, was a scheduled international passenger flight that disappeared on 8 March 2014 en route from Kuala Lumpur International Airport to Beijing's Capital International Airport (a distance of 2,743 miles: 4,414 km). The aircraft, a Boeing 777-200ER, last made contact with air traffic control less than an hour after takeoff. Operated by Malaysia Airlines (MAS), the aircraft carried 12 crew members and 227 passengers from 15 nations. There were 227 passengers, including 153 Chinese and 38 Malaysians, according to records. Nearly two-thirds of the passengers on Flight 370 were from China. On April 5, 2014 what could be the wreckage of the ill-fated Malaysia Airlines was found. What appeared to be the remnants of flight MH370 have been spotted drifting in a remote section of the Indian Ocean. Compensation for loss of life is vastly different between US. passengers and non-U.S. passengers. "If the claim is brought in the US. court, it's of significantly more value than if it's brought into any other court." Some victims and survivors of the Indonesian and Malaysia airline's air crash case would like to sue the lawsuit to the United States court in order to receive a larger compensation package for damage caused by an accident that occurred in the sea of Java sea and the Indian ocean and rather than taking it to the Indonesian or Malaysian court. Though each victim and survivor of the Indonesian and Malaysia airline's air crash case will receive an unconditional 113,100 Unit of Account (SDR) as an amount of compensation for damage from Indonesia's AirAsia and Malaysia Airlines in accordance with Article 21, 1 (absolute, strict, no-fault liability system) of the 1999 Montreal Convention. But if Indonesia AirAsia airlines and Malaysia Airlines cannot prove as to the following two points without fault based on Article 21, 2 (presumed faulty system) of the 1999 Montreal Convention, AirAsia of Indonesiaand Malaysia Airlines will be burdened the unlimited liability to the each victim and survivor of the Indonesian and Malaysia airline's air crash case such as (1) such damage was not due to the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of the air carrier or its servants or agents, or (2) such damage was solely due to the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of a third party. In this researcher's view for the aforementioned reasons, and under the laws of China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Korea the Chinese, Indonesian, Malaysia and Korean, some victims and survivors of the crash of the two flights are entitled to receive possibly from more than 113,100 SDR to 5 million US$ from the two airlines or from the Aviation Insurance Company based on decision of the American court. It could also be argued that it is reasonable and necessary to revise the clause referring to bodily injury to a clause mentioning personal injury based on Article 17 of the 1999 Montreal Convention so as to be included the mental injury and condolence in the near future.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.131-153
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• 1984

Fishery resources are still abundant compared with other resources and the possibility of exploitation is probably great. The Korean fishery industry has grown remarkably since 1957, and Korea is ranked as one of the major fishery countries. Its of fishery products reached the 9th in the world and the value of exports was 5th in 1982. But recently a growth rate has slowed down, due to the enlargement of territorial seas by the declaration of the 200 mile, Exclusive Economic Zone, the tendency to develop fishery resources strate-gically in international bargaining, the change in function of the international organizations, the expansion of regulated waters, the illegal arrest of our fishing boats, the rapid rise in oil prices, and the fall in fish prices, the development of fishery resources as a symbol of nationalism, the fishing boats decreptitude, the rise of crew wages, regulations on fishing methods, fish species, fishing season, size of fish, and mesh size, fishing quotas and the demand of excessive fishing royalties. Besides the the obligation of coastal countries, employing crews of their host countries is also an example of the change in the international environment which causes the aggravation of foreign profit of fishing firms. To ameliorate the situation, our Korean fishery firms must prepare efficient plans and study systematically to internationalize themselves because such existing methods as conventional fishing entry and licence fishing entry are likely to be unable to cope with international environmental change. Thus, after the systematic analysis of the problem, some new combined alternatives might be proposed. These are some of the new schemes to support this plan showing the orientation of our national policy: 1. Most of the coastal states, to cope with rapid international environmental change and to survive in the new era of ocean order, have rationalized their higher governmental structure concerning the fishery industries. And the coastal countries which are the objectives of our expecting entry, demand excessive economic and technical aid, limit the number of fishing boats’entry and the use of our foreign fishing bases, and regulate the membership of the international fishery commissions. Especially, most of the coastal or island countries are recently independent states, which are poorer in national budget, depend largely on fishing royalties and licence entry fees as their main resources of national finance. 2. Alternatives to our entry to deep sea fishing, as internationalization strategies, are by direct foreign investment method. About 30 firms have already invested approximately US $ 8 million in 9 coastal countries. Areas of investment comprise the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean, the Moroccan sea and five other sea areas. Trawling, tuna purse seining and five other fields are covered by the investment. Joint-venture is the most prominent method of this direct investment. If we consider the number of entry firms, the host countries, the number of seas available and the size of investment, this method of cooperation is perhaps insufficient so far. Our fishery firms suffer from a weakness in international competitive ability, an insufficiency of information, of short funds, incompetency in the market, the unfriendliness of host coastal countries, the incapability of partners in joint-ventures and the political instability of the host countries. To enlarge our foreign fishing grounds, we are to actively adopt the direct investment entry method and to diversity our collaboraboration with partner countries. Consequently, besides proper fishing, we might utilize forward integration strategies, including the processing fied. a. The enterprise emigration method is likely to be successful in Argentina. It includes the development of Argentinian fishing grounds which are still not exploited in spite of abundant resources. Besides, Arentina could also be developed as a base for the exploitation of the krill resources and for further entries into collaboration with other Latin American countries. b. The co-business contract fishing method works in American territorial seas where American fishermen sell their fishery products to our factory ships at sea. This method contributes greatly to obtaining more fishing quotas and in innovation bottom fishing operation. Therefore we may apply this method to other countres to diffuse our foreign fishing entry. c. The new fishing ground development method was begun in 1957 by tuna long-line experimental fishing in the Indian Ocean. It has five fields, trawling, skipjack pole fishing and shrimp trawling, and so on. Recently, Korean fisheries were successful in the development of the Antarctic Ocean krill and tuna purse seining. 3. The acceleration of the internationalization of deep sea fishing; a. Intense information exchange activities and commission participation are likely to be continues as our contributions to the international fishery organizations. We should try to enter international fishery commissions in which we are not so far participating. And we have to reform adequately to meet the changes of the function of the international commissions. With our partner countries, we ought to conclude bilateral fishery agreements, thus enlarging our collaboration. b. Our government should offer economic and technical aids to host countries to facilitate our firms’fishery entry and activities. c. To accelerate technical innovation, our fishery firms must invest greater amount in technical innovation, at the same time be more discriminatory in importing exogeneous fishery technologies. As for fishing methods; expanded use of multi-purpose fishing boats and introduction of automation should be encuraged to prevent seasonal fluctuations in fishery outputs. d. The government should increases financial and tax aid to Korean firms in order to elevate already weak financial structure of Korean fishery firms. e. Finally, the government ought to revise foreign exchange regulations being applied to deep sea fishery firms. Furthermore, dutes levied on foreign purchaed equipments and supplies used by our deep sea fishing boats thould be reduced or exempted. when the fish caught by Korean partner of joint-venture firms is sold at the home port, pusan, import duty should be exempted.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.230-249
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• 2000

Southeastern Korean Peninsula has undergone the polyphase deformations according to the changes of regional tectonic settings during the Cenozoic. Through analyses of more than 600 fault-slip data gathered in the study area, five tectonic events are revealed as the followings: (I) NW-SE transtension, (II) NW-SE transpression, (III) NE-SW pure or radial extension, (IV) NNE-SSW transpression, (V) NE or ENE-WSW transpression. Event I was induced by the pull-apart type extension of the East Sea during 24-16 Ma, which resulted in the NW-SE extension of the Tertiary Basins in SE Korea. Event II was resulted from the collision of SW Japan and Izu-Bonnin Arc (or Kuroshio Paleoland) on the Philippine Sea Plate at ${\sim}$ 15 Ma, which stopped the extension of the Tertiary Basins and originated the uplift of fault blocks in and around SE Korean Peninsula. It was continued until ${\sim}$ 10 Ma. Event III is interpreted as the post-tectonic event after the block-uplifts due to the event II, which indicates a temporal lull in activity of the Philippine Sea Plate since 10 Ma. Event IV was originated from the resumption in activity of the Philippine Sea Plate which was restarted to move toward north at ${\sim}$ 6 Ma. The event made the EW compressional structures behind SW Japan as well as in the Korea Straits, and thus the block-uplifts in SE Korea was resumed again. Lastly, event V was resulted from the gradual decrease in influence of the Philippine Sea Plate and the cooperative compression due to the subduction of the Pacific Sea Plate and the collision of the Indian Plate since 5-3.5 Ma, which generated the NS compressional structures in the offshore along the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula and thrust up the fault-blocks toward west. This event is continuing so far, and thus is making the active faultings resulting in the present earthquakes of the Korean Peninsula.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.171-201
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• 2004

Modern sciences in the West are deeply rooted in the Greek and Roman cultural heritage. Consequently, the academic achievements accomplished by the scholars of the Arabs including Persian world, the profound thoughts developed in the Indian subcontinent, and the excellent works made by the East Asian scholars have mostly been neglected in the past. This paper attempts to compare the thoughts and theories on population developed by the Western scholars with those of East Asian scolars, in chronological order, ancient, mediaeval, and modern period before Malthus. The thesis that excessive population growth may reduce output per worker, depress levels of living for the masses and engender strife is of great antiquity. In fact, overpopulation in East Asia, especially in China, goes back to very ancient times, most Confucian scholars maintained the notion of a numerical balance between population and environment. They also looked for means to check the increase in numbers. The foundations of a theory of optimum population level, fully developed in the twentieth century, can be found in their writings. Although early population thoughts in China had not advanced far in the analysis of the significance of population size and growth, it had taken only a few steps forward. At some times and to some observers, populousness appeared desirable; at other times and to other observers, it seemed all too evident that the number of people could become too great. These viewpoints foreshowed some of the later developments. The early population literatures reviewed here seem to consist of a number of quite isolated contributions. In fact, however, there may have been a greater continuity of thought than now appears, for many of the contributions may have been lost and there are many gaps in the record. An intensive review on comparing two works, those of Malthus' and Hong, Liang-chi's, are presented in this paper. Only five years before Malthus published his famous work, An Essay on the Principle of Population, Hong published his theories on population. Some of them, Hong insisted, are very similar to the Malthusian concepts of geometrical increase, natural and artificial checks of population. Despite the excellent works in the ancient period, this paper concludes with an investigation of the reasons why modem achievements in scientific areas in the East Asia have been far behind that of the West.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.174-184
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• 2008

The quality and storage characteristics of low salted onion and five cereals-doenjang (DFO) were investigated. At the DFO, soybean koji ($57{\sim}62%$), onion (3%) and salt (8%) were mixed with equal amount of rice, barley, glutinous millet and glutinous indian millet ($10{\sim}30%$), and water ($7{\sim}12%$). The storage of DFO was done by vacuum packing in polypropylene tube, and sterilized at $121^{\circ}C$. The fermentation and storage was conducted for 60 days at $25^{\circ}C$ at each condition. Control doenjang (GD) was the salinity of 16% soybean doenjang that was not sterilized and packed in plastic containers for storage. During the fermentation, pH of DFO was lower than GD. The pH maintained stability during the storage, and revealed to be lowered, as the proportion of mixed cereals was higher. During the fermentation of DFO, the brix degree revealed to be higher than GD and maintained s1ability during the storage. During the fermentation and storage, the amino nitrogen content of DFO was ranged $400{\sim}470mg%$ by showing higher content than GD and maintained stable content during the storage. During the fermentation, the activities of protease and ${\beta}$-amylase were maintained to be high at DFO, but the activities during the storage were high at GD. The color $L^*$ value of DFO during fermentation and storage maintained higher values than GD, but $a^*$ value revealed lower pattern. Total free amino acids of DFO was ranged $1,918{\sim}2,290mg%$ which was higher than GD that recorded 1,291 mg%. When the sensory evaluation was conducted for DFO that was fermented and stored for 60 days, the DFO mixed with $20{\sim}30%$ of cereals resulted to have more savory taste, flavor, and sweeter than GD, and overall acceptability for color and overall taste was high.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.114-121
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• 1990

Inactivation in soil absorption, translocation of 2, 4-D by plants vary depending upon soil environments and herbicide formulations. Experiment was conducted in a glasshouse using rectangular pots($1350cm^2$) to evaluate the growth responses of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and Indian jointvetch (Aesehyrcomene indica) to two formulations of 2, 4-D. The formulations used were 40% 2, 4-D amin salt (2, 4-D/AS) and 19.7% complex of rice husk lignin and 2, 4-D (2, 4-D/LG) which were applied at 200g ai/ha. Soil environments included fertilizer levels, soil pH, organic matter contents, and soil textures, Each treatment was replicated three times. The herbicidal activity of 2.4-D increased and lasted with increased levels of fertilizer. The activity also increased and lasted with low soil pH and decreased content of organic matter. Generally 2, 4-D/LG showed higher and longer herbicidal activity than 2. 4-D/AS for both test plants under all conditions applied. However, the herbicidal activity was influenced by the formulations more than by soil textures. It was thought that 2, 4-D/AS was released in a short time and inactivated readily while 2, 4-D/LG was slowly released and gave an opportunity of absorption by plants for a long period.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to find herbicidal compounds from seven different plant essential oils such as amyris (Amyris balsamifera), cajuput (Melaleuca cajeputi), geranium (Pelargonium graveolens), lavender (Lavendula spp.), mandarin (Citrus reticulata), pine (Pinus spp.) and rosemary (Rosmarius officinale), and determine their herbicidal activities. The in vitro herbicidal activity of cajuput essential oil was the highest among six essential oils ($GR_{50}$ value, $425{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$) and major chemical components in cajuput essential oil were eucalyptol (37.2%), ${\alpha}$-terpineol (11.6%), benzaldehyde (5.2%), linalool (4.1%), ${\alpha}$-pinene (2.5%) and ${\beta}$-pinene (2.4%), and their $GR_{50}$ values were 2,731, 500, 50, 372, 4,363, and $4,671{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$, respectively. Soil application of cajuput essential oil and benzaldehyde did not show any herbicidal activity at 80 kg $ha^{-1}$. When cajuput essential oil was applied to foliar at 80 kg $ha^{-1}$, narrow-leaved plants such as sorghum (Sorghum bicolar), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), and southern crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris) were killed 100%, however, broad-leaved plants indian jointvetch (Aeschynomeme indica), velvet leaf (Abutilon theophrasti), cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium), Japanese morningglory (Calystegia japonica) were not killed, indicating the cajuput essential oil was effective to control narrow-leaved plants. Herbicidal activities of benzaldehyde at 80 kg $ha^{-1}$, to those plants were 20, 60 and 95%, respectively. Overall data showed that the herbicidal activity of cajuput essential oil was in part due to benzaldehyde.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.54-62
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• 1995

Acetolactate synthase activity inhibition and herbicidal activities were investigated with 2 sulfonylureas [chlorsulfuron{2-chloro-N-{{(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) amino} carboxyl} benzenesulfonamide}, metsulfuron-methyl{methyl-2{{{{(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino}carbonyl}amino}sulfonyl}benzoic acid}, and 2 imidazoli-nones [imazethapyr{2-{4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl}-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylicacid}, imazaquin{2-{4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl}-3-quinoline carboxylic acid} herbicides. A broad weeding spectrum was observed with the treated herbicides at low application rates. Both corn(Zea mays L.) and sorghum(Sorghum bicolor Moench) were very sensitive to the two herbicide groups. Although legumes, such as soybean(Glycine max Merr.), clover(Trifolium repense L.), and indian jointvetch(Aeschnomene indica L.) were sensitive to the sulfonylureas, they were tolerant to the imidazolinones. On the contrary, wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) and barley(Hoderum sativum Jess.) showed the reverse responses of the legumes to the two herbicide groups. Quackgrass(Agropyron repens(L.) P. Beauv.). however, was commonly tolerant to the two herbicide groups. Degrees of crop injury and acetolactate synthase inhibition also varied with the crops examined. The 50% inhibition concentrations of sulfonylureas on acetolactate synthase in vitro activity($IC_{50}$) from corn, wheat, and soybean did not relate to the greenhouse herbicidal activities ($GI_{50}$). With chlorsulfuron, for example, wheat had more than 100 times higher $GI_{50}$ than corn and soybean, but the $IC_{50}$ was 4 to 10 times lower. Similar observation was made with metsulfuron-methyl. However, closer relationships between $IC_{50}$ and $GI_{50}$ were found with the imidazolinones. When imazethapyr was applied, the order of $GI_{50}$ values against com, wheat, and soybean was the same as that of $IC_{50}$.