• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

The housing policy of Korea has been pushed with a focus on the middle-class. This contributed to alleviate the absolute lack problem of housing, but this program for the housing policy of low-income brackets is also true as insufficient attention. Thanks to Bulk supply-oriented housing policy, the rising penetration of housing and living conditions are improving as a whole, but low-income housing problem has been exacerbated by a relative. National and local government will solve the residential housing problem of low-income brackets by expanding welfare programs, but the quality of existing housing issues and the alternative policy are regarded as insufficient. Homeless households in Korea are still nearly 400 million, Housing costs higher than income weighted for buying a home and rent payments of low-income brackets. In this study, I investigated the concept of low-income housing welfare and housing policy changes. This paper is aimed to present the basic data through the investigation and analysis residential status of low-income brackets.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.635-641
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• 2021

This article analyzes the factors affecting income inequality in Vietnam, with data from 63 provinces and cities collected from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey of the General Statistics Office of Vietnam from 2010 to 2018. The article will firstly build a research model to identify factors affecting income inequality. Then, it uses the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) method to evaluate the effect of factors on income inequality in Vietnam. The empirical estimate result shows that, in the period from 2010 to 2018, the factors such as the proportion of the working employees, income per capita, and inflation have positive effects on the Gini coefficient. That is, when these factors increase, there will be negative effects on improving income inequality in Vietnam. Conversely, when the factors such as the proportion of the literate adults, the proportion of the urban population, and population density increase they will have a positive impact on improving income inequality in Vietnam during this period. The estimated coefficients satisfied the sign expectation except the proportion of the literate adults. It means that, in Vietnam, the increase and more equilibrium in educational attainment balance the distribution of income and bring an improvement in income inequality.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2009

Top Managers are apt to do the decision making on the base of cost-benefit analysis. Therefore the return on quality is indispensable to get the commitment of the top managers on the quality programs. The monetary or tangible effects of the most improvement activities through the suggestion systems and the quality circle activities are computed and reported. In most cases the reported gains are much bigger than the input invested. In spite of the reported high return many top managers are doubtful about the truth of reports because the gains are not translated into the profit on the income statement. This paper discusses about the mechanism of individual improvement activities and analyze the system effect which sum the individual effect and the realization effect on the income statement during that period. This will help the top managers to commit on the quality programs with high confidence.

• Journal of Applied Tourism Food and Beverage Management and Research
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• v.7
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• pp.139-164
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• 1997

Since the middle of 80's, foodservice industry has steadily developed, as the national income has been increased in correspondence with economic growth. We can figure that the improvement of culture life such as the improvement of culture life such as the conspicuous trend forward nuclear families, increasing double income family and the rate of holding car, has had something close to do with development of foodservice industry in the such economic development. Therefore, this study is to analyze foodservice industry playing an important role in the culture life and the influence of culture life improvement to foodservice industry, directly or indirectly, in accordance with the brilliant economic development in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.57-72
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• 1990

The purpose of this study were ; (1) to analyze the relationship between actual housing condition and housing satisfaction with socio-demographic and housing characteristics of respondents and (2) to present the device on the quality of housing environment in low-income families. The sample was a proportional, stratified, random sample of 299 low-income families in Deajeon. The major findings were as follows: 1) The wholey, actual housing conditions were not good; especially the worst conditions appeared exterior walls, roof, kitchen, bath and toilet, heating, noise, recreation facilities as play-ground. 2) Actual housing condition has been found to be related to income, tenure(rent or own), persons/room. In the relation of the socio-demographic and housing characteristics, actual housing condition, housing satisfaction, income and persons/room were found to be a significant explanatory variable in actual housing condition. And actual housing condition ws appeared to be the strongest variable in housing satisfaction. 3) Housing of the low-income families should be improved physical aspects of the environment and be reflected in need of the occupant that based on the social-welfare housing concept.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.109-116
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• 2018

This study examines legal regulations and major issues related to income taxation of religion in the income tax law enacted from 2018, and examines the right improvement method. The purpose of this study is to propose an improvement plan through the analytical review of the legal issues related to the income of religion in 2018 and the main issues of taxation. The results of this study are as follows: First, it is the best way to define religious income as a separate item in earned income. Second, it is the best way to apply the deduction system for earned income in the application of deductible expenses. Third, precise and transparent reporting on income of religious persons is required, and a measure should be enforced to impose withholding tax obligations. Fourth, in order to restore transparency and reliability of expenditure related to religious activities, it should be expanded to submit details of total income and expenditure of religious groups. This study provides practical implications for the related field research by providing the starting point and basic data of the discussion on the income taxation system of the religious person.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.51-74
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• 1991

It has been many changes in traditional Korean food habits according to the improvement of household income levels and the rise of standard of living. Therefore, the pattern of consumption in animal origin processed/convenient foods would have changed. This research aims to find the tendency of consumption in some animal origin processed/convenient foods compared with typical Korean traditional foods according to household income levels. Therefore, this survey was made on 698 children from 10 elementary schools located in Seoul. They were divided into 6 groups according to their household income levels. The data were analysed using Chi-square test and F-test in SPSS package program. From this research, the following results were obtained: 1. Their average monthly household income levels were between 500, 000~1, 500, 000 won(64.2%) and their family were of mostly 4~5 members. There were no significant differences in children's physical status among various income groups. As the household. income level increases, the food expenditure per month increases and Engel's coefficient decreases. 2. The animal origin processed/convenient foods that have no significant differences are ham, sausage, milk, yogurt, canned fish, and fish meal. The high-income groups preferred bacon, cheese, pork cutlet, and fried chicken, compared to those of low-income groups. The low-income groups preferred crab-flavored meal, compared to those of high-income groups. 3. In some Korean traditional foods, there were significant differences according to income levels. Those were Bulgogi, baked fish, fried meat, cooked fish and meat with soy-bean sauce. Fried fish and anchovy have no significant differences in food intake frequency according to household income levels. Chicken and egg saute are liked by children in every income groups. 4. Between the animal origin processed/convenient foods and the typical Korean nonprocessed traditional foods, children preferred the former regardless of income levels. In conclusion, animal origin processed/convenient food consumption patterns were not affected by household income levels.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.230-238
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to identify the determinants of traditional food perception, by taking the generation effect into account. This study also analyzed the preference patterns of traditional snacks and the strength as well as direction of improvement for traditional foods. Data were collected from 304 housewives living in the Baeong-Nyeong-Do island. Regression analysis showed that the determinants of traditional food perception varied depending on the generation of housewives. In the 30s age subgroup, income and family type were significantly related with the degree of traditional food perception. In the 40s age subgroup, household income, education, and hometown location were significant, whereas household income, family type, number of years of life spent in the Baeong-Nyeong-Do island, hometown location were the significant factors in the 50s and 60s age subgroup. The results of factor analysis showed that there were three preference patterns of traditional snacks. The results of chi-square analysis proved that foods for strength, and direction of improvement for traditional foods were different among the generation groups. In this article, similarities and differences between determinants of traditional foods, the strength and direction of improvement for traditional foods are discussed, and their implications for nutritionists as well as food marketers are provided.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.953-975
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• 1999

The purpose of this document is to provide the direction of the policy for welfare of the elderly, by identifying the problems and status of the welfare service for the elderly. The primary source of degrading the living standard of the elderly is the increase of the elderly population and life longevity. The Welfare service for the elderly to enhance the poor living level of the elderly population should be established, to compensate their former economic and social contribution in the society and also to promote the basic human right. The agenda to achieve this goal sums up like these : First, the basic living of the unhealthy elderly belonging to the low-income group, such as government-provided income and medical service should be provided. Second, for those with working ability, more opportunity for working and social activities should be given, focusing on expanding the employment rather than adding income. Third, for those with middle and high income, silver industry and pastime activities should be nurtured. Lastly, rather than institutional protection for the elderly, the welfare service for those staying home should be enforced, thus naturally leading to the family support for the elderly. There cannot be a sound policy for welfare and improvement of living standard ignoring the Well-being of the elderly population. The effort to better the welfare for the minority groups who compose the base of the social base will, eventually, result in the progress of the entire society.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.12 no.3 s.32
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• pp.81-95
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• 2006

The objective of the this study is to find a way to increase fm household income through investigating their computer applications. We utilized the 2000 Korea Agricultural Survey data and applied a Heckman Selection Model to correct a selection bias. The present study found the following results. First, determinant of income among fm households by the level of computer applications has significant statistical differences based on their choices of computer applications. Accordingly, the application of general linear regression about fm income without adjusting these choices may cause statistical fallacy. Second, it has been reported that increasing the member of household is not directly related to increasing the fm income. In case of computer-own farm household, the effect of decrease in income according to increasing in age was predicted. However, in the fm household not possessing computer, it shows negative relationship. It shows that an agricultural career of farm owner and educational attainment of all farm household members have positive relationship regardless of computer possession. The income of the farm household those main field is not agriculture is also found to be lower than that of farm household whose major earnings come from agriculture.