• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.48 no.6
• /
• pp.89-100
• /
• 2006

In order to estimate delivered nutrients load from non-point sources in the Gap stream watershed in Daejeon, a distributed watershed model SWAT2000 was used so that it could predict the impact of land management practices on water, sediments and chemicals yields in large complex watersheds with varing soils, land uses and management condition over long period of time. The SWAT2000 was applied to the Daejeon (Indong), Yudeung (Boksu) and Gap (Hoeduck) streams for TMDL (Total Maximum Daily Load) of nutrients. The observed water quality and streamflow data of the year of 2002 and 2003 were used for calibration, and those of the year 2004 and 2005 were used for validation. Simulated results were evaluated by Estimation Efficiency Analysis (COE), Regression Analysis $(R^2)$ and Relative Error (R.E.) for the nutrients amounts on the monthly and yearly basis by comparing observed load with estimated load obtained by using SWAT2000 simulations. The COE value fur T-N was ranged from 0.59 to 0.78, $R^2$ values for T-N ranged from 0.65 to 0.84, and R.E values fur T-N load ranged from 4% to 20%. COE value far T-N was ranged from 0.59 to 0.73, $R^2$ values for T-P ranged from 0.67 to 0.82, and R.E values for T-P load ranged from 3% to 25%. Estimated results of SWAT2000 simulation for 3 sites (Indong, Boksu, Hoedeok) were reasonably satisfactory. This study indicated that SWAT2000 model could be applicable to estimate the nutrients load from the Gap stream watershed in Korea.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.249-259
• /
• 2002

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mastery on appraisal of uncertainty in women patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Methods : The study subjects consisted of 168 patients who were recruited from the outpatient clinic of a rheumatic center in Seoul. Self report questionnaires were used to measure the study variables that included uncertainty, mastery, danger appraisal of uncertainty, and opportunity appraisal of uncertainty. Cronbach's alpha reliabilities of these instruments ranged from .72 to .93. For data analysis. the SPSSWIN 10.0 program was utilized to exam descriptive statistics. Pearson's correlation. and regression analysis. Results: The results were as follows.: 1) The uncertainty scores of the subjects ranged from 33 to 87 with the mean score of 63.27. 2) The mastery scores of the subjects ranged from 10 to 27 with a mean score of 18.70. 3) The danger appraisal of uncertainty scores of the subjects ranged from 8 to 32 with a mean score of 20.22. 4) The opportunity appraisal of uncertainty scores of the subjects ranged from 7 to 28 with a mean score of 17.80. 5) Significant factors that explained the danger appraisal of uncertainty were mastery (=-.444. p<.001), and education level (=-.184. p<.05). 6) Significant factor that explained the opportunity appraisal of uncertainty was level of uncertainty (=-.328. p<.001). Conclusion: Among the independent variables. the most significant factor that explained the danger appraisal of uncertainty in the women patients with rheumatoid arthritis was mastery. Therefore, a nursing intervention with strategies to improve sense of mastery should be developed for women patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.465-474
• /
• 2014

This is a comparative study that shows the overall environmental impacts from concrete structures when different compressive strength of concrete applied to structural systems having the same reference flow with different durability. A total of 24 MPa, 40 MPa and 60 MPa cases is analyzed to define the characteristic using end-point perspective LCA methodology including the stages of production, construction, maintenance and disposal. As results, global warming, non-renewable energy and respiratory inorganics problems are the major issues for assessing environmental impacts of concrete products.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.111-128
• /
• 2002

The Ministerial Declaration of the 4th WTO Ministerial Meeting at Doha in November 2001 announced the launch of the New Round and a completion date of January 1st, 2005. It agreed to eventually negotiate trade and environment linkage issues, such as the relationship between the WTO rules and Multilateral Environment Agreements and the reduction or elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers to environmental goods and services. The Committee on Trade and Environment was instructed to pursue work on all items on its agenda within the current terms of reference and to give particular attention to the effects of environmental measures on market access, relevant provisions of the TRTPS Agreement, and labelling requirements for environmental purposes. This means that far the first time, the members of the WTO will discuss and negotiate trade and environment linkage in the framework of multilateral trade negotiation. Korea, from the standpoint of a smaller open economy heavily dependent on international trade, is obliged to overcome the challenges imposed by the environment agenda in the Doha declaration. This study examined the linkage among environment, economic growth and international trade in order to review the possible trade and environment policy implications in Korea. Mutual supportiveness of trade and environment depends much on the effectiveness of trade and environment policy coordination. In this regard, we conclude that the Korean government should provide an appropriate institutional framework to promote closer cooperation among policy makers engaged in negotiations. Trade and environment policy review and environmental impact assessment of trade negotiation should be considered as a work programme of this institutional policy coordination framework.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
• /
• v.4 no.3
• /
• pp.89-95
• /
• 2002

Object of this study presents marketing of new market segmentation as what I classify a social stratum, and analyze sense of value about each social class clothes and a taste, but is. The study way used a questionnaire as an investigation study way, and I did execution from September to October in 1999, and the investigation object picked up an any table with the woman university student who lived in Seoul and did investigation, and analysis targeted total 550 people. I used a measurement item of economic capital and cultural capital as a classification item of a social stratum and selected a dwelling, a kind of property, an annual salary of parents as an index of economic capital. Presentation held an occupation of parents, scholarship, culture activity as an index of cultural capital. It is social stratum structure an occupation arranges in 12 job categories by, for your reference, I do a social orbit of the P. Bourdieu which is a French sociologist and an index of inheritance cultural capital, and having set up eight phases of evaluation, and to do a Y, Cultural Capital with X with economic capital. Sense of value about clothes and attitude selected social value, aesthetic appreciation enemy value, authority a few value in sense of value of the 6 type that E. Spranger(1922) presented, and a proposal did type in 3 about clothes. The measurement way used a 11 question item and measured I with five phases of Likert-type criteria and executed factors analysis by main ingredient analysis and varimax revolution law. I named a more than inherent 1 with the liver which was social man, aesthetic appreciation enemy man, an authority enemy with a basis. The results are as follows : People of the group which they belong to the same social class, and there is have a similar taste and select a similar product, and scholarship and an occupation of parents please lay a taste of children and sense of value, a hierarchical difference of attitude too and do it.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.309-328
• /
• 2005

Comparative analyses were carried out on SCI publication results produced by scientists during their employment at the five domestic ocean-related college and six major oceanographic institutes in other countries. Assessment of research performance included bibliometric indicators : type of research categories, and, evaluation of the reliability of citation data to establish future research goals. Analysis parameters also included number of SCI publication results, cited frequency, higher ranked author group, higher ranked Journal group, higher ranked SCI category for each academic and research Institutes in oceanography. Such analyses can help improve and achieve institutional goals in the future as well as help managing and prioritizing majors scientific journals and information services.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.22
• /
• pp.49-70
• /
• 2004

UCP 500 has introduced new words "International Standard Banking Practice" as the basis of the examination of documents under documentary credits. However, the words have caused confusion among parties concerned with letter of credits. So, at its May 2000 meeting, ICC Banking Commission established a task force to document international standard banking practice for the examination of documents presented under documentary credits(ISBP). The publication is the product of two and a half years of work by a task force of the ICC Banking Commission. It was approved by the full Commission at its meeting in Rome in October 2002. The ISBP is a practical complement to UCP 500. It explains how the rules are to be applied on a day-to-day basis. As such, it fills a needed gap between the general principles announced in the rules and the daily work of the documentary credit practitioner. But, ISBP have two problems. First, ISBP impose more responsibilities than before the ISBP existed on banks. Second, ISBP have some problematic articles like the problem of maturity, letter of credit language, term. Consequently, all parties concerned with documentary credits need to armour themselves with knowledge for ISBP. Also, it should be noted that any term in a documentary credit which modifies or affects the applicability of a provision of the UCP may also have an impact on international standard banking practice. Therefore, in considering the practices described in this publication, parties must take into account any term in a documentary credit that expressly excludes or modifies a provision in an article of the UCP.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.105-113
• /
• 2002

As the number of pedestrian accident increases, the reconstruction of an accident becomes important to find the source of the fault. Generally, accidents are reconstructed by the intuition of experts or primitive physics. A reconstruction method is proposed using sophisticated optimization technology. At first, a dynamic simulation model is established for the accident environment. Occupant analysis for automobile crashworthiness is employed. The situation before an accident is identified by optimization. The impact velocity and the position of the pedestrian are utilized as design variables. The design variables are found by minimizing the difference between the simulation and the real accident. The optimization process is performed by linking an occupant analysis program MADYMO to an optimization program VisualDOC. Since the involved analysis is dynamics and highly nonlinear, response surface method is selected for the optimization process. Problems are solved for various situations.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.113-126
• /
• 2002

This study was carried out to evaluate the temporal (daily, weekly, and seasonal) variations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) concentrations at a road-side site in a heavy-traffic central area of Metropolitan Taegu. Ambient air sampling was undertaken continuously for 14 consecutive days in each of four seasons from the spring of 1999 to the winter of 2000. The VOC samples were collected using adsorbent tubes, and were determined by thermal desorption coupled with GC/MS analysis. A total of 10 aromatic VOCs of environmental concern were determined, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m＋p-xylenes, styrene, o-xylene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and naphthalene. Among 10 target VOCs, the most abundant compounds appeared to be toluene (1.5 ∼ 102 ppb) and xylenes (0.1 ∼ 114 ppb), while benzene levels were in the range of 0.3 ∼6 ppb. It was found that the general trends of VOC levels were significantly dependent on traffic conditions at the sampling site since VOC concentrations were at their maximum during rush hours (AM 7∼9 and PM 7 ∼9). However, some VOCs such as toluene, xylenes, and ethylbenzene were likely to be affected by a number of unknown sources other than vehicle exhaust, being attributed to the use of paints, and/or the evaporation of solvents used nearby the sampling site. In some instances, extremely high concentrations were found for these compounds, which can not be explained solely by the impact of vehicle exhaust. The results of this study may be useful for estimating the relative importance of different emission sources in large urban areas. Finally, it was suggested that the median value might be more desirable than the arithmetic mean as a representative value for the VOC data group, since the cumulative probability distribution (n=658) does not follow the normal distribution pattern.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.32 no.6 s.107
• /
• pp.82-94
• /
• 2005

This study was undertaken to measure and analyze the thermal environment characteristics of the grey permeable cement concrete pavement(GPCCP), the permeable cement concrete brick pavement(PCCBP) compared with impermeable cement concrete pavement(ICCP) and bare soil(BS) under the summer outdoor environment. Following is a summary of major results. 1) The peak surface temperature was greatest in the GPCCP$(54.2^{\circ}C)$ followed by ICCP$(47.2^{\circ}C)$ rut August 2, 2002, the hottest day$(35.3^{\circ}C\;of\;highest\;temperature)$ during the experiment; peak temperature in the ICCP and BS were $45.5^{\circ}C)$ and $45.3^{\circ}C)$ respectively. 2) Analysis of heat budget of the pavements has revealed that the heat environment was worse in the GPCCP than that in the ICCP and that this was mainly due to a low albedo in the former(0.2) relative to that of the latter(0.4). 3) Analysis of heat budget of the pavements has revealed that the heat environment was worse in the GPCCP than that in the PCCBP, BS and that this was mainly due to a decreased latent heat resulting from a time dependent decreasing impact of rainfall. 4) It is necessary to make cool pavements to further studies on light-colored surface materials for attaining high albdo and construction methods which can enhance the latent heat through the continuous evaporation from pavements surface. 5) Vertical arrangement of pavement layers has not been considered in the present study, which has been focuses on the heat characteristics of the surface layer materials. Accordingly, future studies will have to be empasized on pavement methods including the vertical arrangement of the pavement layers.