• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.46 no.3
• /
• pp.303-307
• /
• 2010

Acinetobacter baumannii 1625, a clinical isolate identified by Vitek and 16S rDNA sequence, showed an extended resistance to most ${\beta}$-lactams including imipenem, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and cephalosporins of the third and fourth generations, and produced metallo-${\beta}$-lactamase (MBL) of IMP-1 type which is rare in Korea. The isolate contained a class 1 integron of about 2.5 kb in size and the integron included accA4 (aminoglycoside resistance gene), $bla_{IMP-1}$ (carbapenem resistance gene), and $bla_{OXA-2}$ (extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactam resistance gene) gene cassettes in order. The coexistence of IMP-1 type and OXA-2 type ${\beta}$-lactamase gene cassettes in an integron has not been reported in Korea. The transformed integron rendered the E. coli transformant resistant more than eight folds against imipenem, ampicilin, piperacillin, cefazolin, cefoperazone, and aztreonam comparing to the reference strain. This study clearly showed that the extended multi-drug resistance of A. baumannii 1625 was mainly due to the integron.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.33-41
• /
• 1988

Estimation of fish freshness is very important in food industries. it was estimated from the concentration of nucleotides. ammonia, amines and volatile acids in fish meat. Changes in the K-values of 12 species of fish were observed during storage at $0^{\circ}C$. The range of differences in the K-value-increasing rate of chilled fish muscle among fish species might be wider for white-fleshed fishes than for dark- fleshed fishes. As to the 12 species of fish examined. the coefficient of correlation between them was calculated to be 0.77. The fish muscle will he contained an effective inhibitor of IMP-degrading enzymatic activity.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
• /
• v.50 no.4
• /
• pp.406-413
• /
• 2018

The emergence of carbapenem resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa has become an increasing problem worldwide. In particular, $metallo-{\beta}-lactamases$ (MBLs) are responsible for the high-level resistance to carbapenem. Sequence type 235 (ST235) has been found internationally in a multidrug-resistant clone and is involved in the dissemination of genes encoding IMP-6 and VIM-2. This study examined the prevalence of MBLs and the epidemiological relationship in carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPA) isolates obtained from a tertiary hospital in Daejeon, Korea, between March 2008 and June 2014. The antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined using the disk-diffusion method and PCR and DNA sequencing were used to identify the MBL genes. In addition, an epidemiological relationship was investigated by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Among the 110 CRPA isolates, 32 isolates (29.1%) were MBL-producers; the major type was IMP-6 (29 isolates, 90.6%). VIM-2 was identified in 3 isolates (9.4%) of ST357. IMP-6-producing isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and belonged to ST235. ST235 (55 isolates, 50.0%) was the clone most frequently detected and has gradually emerged during a seven-year period. To prevent the spread of MDR ST235 P. aeruginosa isolates, the current widespread use of carbapenems needs to be curtailed, and novel continuous monitoring strategies should be developed as soon as possible.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.75-78
• /
• 1973

Effects of nitrogen sources, supplement of vitamins and minerals on the accumulation of 5'-inosinic acid by an adenineless mutant of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes were examined. Maximal yield of 5'-inosinic acid was attained by the use of yeast extract. as organic nitrogen source Casamino acid supplemented with $Mn^{＋＋}$, $Zn^{＋＋}$ Ca-D-pantothenate and thiamine HCl could be subsitute for it. Subsequent experiment using the defined medium showed that the concentration of these trace element in the medium affected inosinic acid accumulation markedly. And it was found that the simulataneous addition of $Mn^{＋＋}$ (20$\mu\textrm{g}$1). $Zn^{＋＋}$(10$\mu\textrm{g}$1). thiamine Hcl(10mg/1) and Ca-D-pantothenate (5mg/l) to the defined medium stimulated inosinic acid accumulation, from which 7mg/ml of inosinic acid was obtained.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.475-481
• /
• 1999

Yeast extracts were prepared using either autolysis or enzymatic digestion methods for industrial application of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae B24 strain developed previously to have high RNA content. Extraction ratio of yeast extract from yeast cell reached 65% when autolysis of yeast slurry having 10% solid content was induced at $50^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.0 by agitating with 100 rpm. However, neither 5'-IMP nor 5'-GMP was detected from the autolyzate. In another attempt to prepare a yeast extract S. cerevisiae B24 culture was treated at $90^{\circ}C$ and then treated by various enzymes including ${\beta}-1,3-glucanase$, phosphodiesterase (nuclease P1), adenylic deaminase, and a protease. The yeast extract prepared by the enzymatic digestion method contained 3.2g of 5'-IMP and 5'-GMP/100g dry yeast extract.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.16 no.9
• /
• pp.1377-1383
• /
• 2006

Among 46 Acinetobacter baumannii isolates collected in 2004, two imipenem-resistant isolates were obtained from clinical specimens taken from patients hospitalized in Busan, Republic of Korea. Two carbapenemase-producing isolates were further investigated to determine the mechanism of resistance. These isolates were analyzed by antibiotic susceptibility testing, microbiological tests of carbapenemase activity, determination of pI, transconjugation test, enterobacterial repetitive consensus (ERIC)-PCR, and DNA sequencing. Two cases of infection by A. baumannii producing the IMP-1 ${\beta}$-lactamase were detected. The isolates were characterized by a modified cloverleaf synergy test and EDTA-disk synergy test. Isoelectric focusing of crude bacterial extracts revealed nitrocefin-positive bands with a pI value of 9.0. PCR amplification and characterization of the amplicons by direct sequencing indicated that the isolates carried a $bla_{IMP-l}$ determinant. The isolates were characterized by a multidrug resistance phenotype, including penicillins, extended-spectrum cephalosporins, carbapenems, and aminoglycosides. These results indicate that the observed imipenem resistance of two Korean A. baumannii isolates was due to the spread of an IMP-1-producing clone. Our microbiological test of carbapenemase activity is simple to screen class B metallo-${\beta}$-lactamase-producing clinical isolates to determine their clinical impact and to prevent further spread. This study shows that the $bla_{IMP-l}$ resistance determinant, which is emerging in Korea, may become an emerging therapeutic problem, since clinicians are advised not to use extended-spectrum cephalosporins, imipenem, and aminoglycosides. This observation emphasizes the importance of having effective control measures in Asian hospitals, such as early detection of colonized patients, isolation procedures, and a judicious use of antibiotics.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
• /
• v.42 no.2
• /
• pp.71-80
• /
• 2010

Pseudomonas aeruginosa are important nosocomial pathogens. Their resistance to carbapenem is increasing and causing concerns in Korea. An increasing prevalence of carbapenem resistance mediated by acquired carbapenemase is being reported. Over a 10 month-period from July 2007 to April 2008, 32 strains of imipenem-nonsusceptible P. auruginosa were isolated from Kangwon National University Hospital. To determine the prevalence and genotypes of the carbapenemase-producing clinical isolates, the antibiotic susceptibility was determined by Microscan Walkaway 96 SI System and the carbapenem activity was detected by the modified Hodge test and the imipenem-EDTA-SMA double-disk synergy test. The metallo-${\beta}$-lactamase gene and OXA-type ${\beta}$-lactamase gene reported in Korea were detected by PCR. As for the result of PCR, 30 isolates of P. aeruginosa were found to have $bla_{IMP-1}$-like and 1 isolate was found to have $bla_{IMP-1}$-like and $bla_{IMP-2}$. No clinical isolates were found to have $bla_{SIM-1}$, $bla_{OXA-23}$-like and $bla_{OXA-24}$-like. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR and dendrogram for genetical similarity to band patterns of each clinical isolates were examined. P. aeruginosa were grouped into 7 clusters of up to 50% of similarity index. In the P. aeruginosa group, PS3 was resistant to the most antibiotics, PS1 was susceptible to the most antibiotics. PS7 was resistant to aztreonam unlike other groups. This is the first report of prevalence of carbapenemase in Chuncheon.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.124-135
• /
• 2007

This study investigated the relationship between business-to-business service quality and loyalty by applying the IMP (International/Industrial Marketing and Purchasing Group) model. The study found that six dimensions of service quality which were product exchange, financial exchange, information exchange, social exchange, cooperation, and adaptation explained B2B service quality very well. More specifically, the study found that service quality dimensions of social exchange, cooperation, and adaptation were more important than those of product exchange, financial exchange, and information exchange. The study also found a positive relationship between service quality and loyalty. In fact, organizational buyers appeared to show greater loyalty as they perceived service quality better.

• Biomedical Science Letters
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.321-330
• /
• 2019

Carbapenem is recently considered as the last resort of the therapeutics for gram negative bacterial infection. Increasing of organisms producing metallo-β-lactamase (MBL), we have difficulty in choosing the antimicrobial agents. Among 345 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas spp., 61 isolates (17.7%) were positive for the modified imipenem or meropenem-Hodge test and 55 isolates (15.9%) were positive for the imipenem-EDTA + SMA double disk synergy test (DDS). PCR and sequencing of bla_VIM-2-allele and bla_IMP-1-allele showed that 17 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 9 isolates of Pseudomonas taiwnensis and 2 Pseudomonas plecoglossicida had bla_VIM-2, and 22 isolates of P. aeruginosa and one Pseudomonas otitidis had bla_IMP-6. These MBL genes were all in class 1 integron. The size of class 1 integron with bla_VIM-2 ranged from 3.5 kb to 5.5 kb in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas spp. including P. aeruginosa. bla_VIM-2 was most often located first in the class 1 integron, sometimes in the second or third position, and these integrons often had aacA4 or aadA1. Strict infection control measures are needed to more effectively prevent further spread of these MBL-producing Pseudomonas spp. In addition, MBL-producing Pseudomonas spp. is expected to continue to spread in various countries and regions.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
• /
• v.56 no.2
• /
• pp.94-102
• /
• 2018

The present study was conducted to assess the growth changes of human chin in childhood and adolescence at various stages of skeletal maturation using metallic implant installed in mandibular body. Lateral cephalographs including 23 subjects (9 males and 14 females) between 7-18 years old were used, which had been taken at University of California in San Francisco and kept at University of the Pacific. Three lateral cephalographs were chosen for each subject according to CVM (Cervical Vertebral Maturation) method (CVM stage 1 to 2, CVM stage 3 to 4, and CVM stage 5 to 6) which assess the extent of the skeletal maturation using the second, third, and fourth cervical vertebrae. V-ceph was used in order to mark the 8 landmarks (S, N, A, B, Pog, Me, Go, Imp) on lateral cephalographs and obtain 8 angular and linear measurements(ANB, SNPog, SN-GoMe, Imp-B, Imp-Pog, B-Pog//GoMe, $GoMe{\bot}B$, $GoMe{\bot}Pog$). Among 8 measurements, ANB, SNPog, SN-GoMe, B-Pog//GoMe, $GoMe{\bot}B$ showed statistically significant growth changes at various stages of skeletal maturation according to CVM method, while there were no significant differences on Imp-B, Imp-Pog, $GoMe{\bot}Pog$. The results suggest that the increasing prominence of human chin is greatly influenced by the vertical growth of B point area, in addition to the change and growth in chin and mandible proper.