• Journal of the Korea Computer Industry Society
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• v.4 no.10
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• pp.713-722
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to define an interactive learning object of ILO through implementation of learning object content standardization technology for the reuse of interactive tools between learners, and to develop I(Interactive)-HTTP for the ILO to properly communicate with LMS. 1-HTTP developed here was enabled to keep connection status during the entire session by improving the existing HTTP with its stateless connection property. This ceaseless connection made it possible to provide users with the real-time interactivity between learners that happened frequently in the ILO. Also, because the I-HTTP was an expanded version of HTTP, it was possible to conduct general HTML documentation as well as ILO. In particular, the standardized launch process between LMS and ILO was embodied in adding the INIT, GETVAL, SETVAL, COMMBT, FINISH methods in the protocol, and the results from the interactivity between ILO learners were channeled to the database storage to save them through separately defined data models.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.109-117
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• 1999

In this paper, improved lamp type ownizer( ILO ), which utilizes the superposition of lamp type ownizer( LO ) and surface discharge operation, is designoo and manufactured for the purpose of characteristic improverrent of an LO employoo for installation of environrrent improverrent and good health using Ultraviolet(U.V.) photochemical reactions Irethoc1s. The ownizer consists of 2 types( LO and ILO ), and owne concentration, owne generation and owne yield were investigated in accordance with discharge power and quantity of suwlioo gas. The results of owne concentration, owne generation and owne yield were ILO > LO. So, owne generation characteristics of the lamp type ownizer were improved. At a discharge power of 19[W], owne concentration, owne generation, and owne yield of the ILO are each improvoo than LO 124[%] at the gas flow $1[\ell/min]$ and 143[%] at the gas flow $1[\ell/min]$. The maximum values of owne concentration, owne generation and owne yield were found as 712[ppm], 128[mg/h] and 6750[mg/kWh] respectively.tively.

• The Safety technology
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• no.44
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• pp.10-13
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• 2001

그동안 관심을 모았던 국제적인 안전보건경영시스템(OSH-MS : Occupational Safety and Health management System)이 국제노동기구(ILO)에 의해 개발되어 발표 되었다. 지난 6우러 "국제노동기구의 안전보건경영시스템 지침(ILO Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems)"이란 제목으로 국제노동기구에서 공개했는데, 이것은 작년부터 국제 노동기구가 2001. 6울에 확정 지침을 발표하겠다고 밝힌 이후 나온 것으로써 지난 2우러 공개한 '안전보건경영체제에 대한 기술지침 초안' (Draft ILO Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems)을 4.19~27일 전문가 회의를 개최를 통해 수정 발표한 것이다. 따라서 이번 호에서는 지난 2월 공개된 초안과 6월에 확정된 지침을 비교하면서 확정지침의 내용을 소개 한다.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.36-41
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• 2009

Background : Controversy exists whether patients with esophageal carcinoma are best managed with classical Ivor Lewis esophagectomy(ILO) as combined thoracic and abdominal approach or transhiatal esophagectomy(THO). The THO approach is known to be superior with respect to operative time, morbidity and mortality, and length of stay, especially at poor pulmonary function patient, but may represent an inferior cancer operation due to inadequate mediastinal clearance compared with ILO. Accordingly, we estimated the THO role at esophageal cancer to compare each operative approach. Material and Method : From January 2002 to December 2007, we performed a retrospective review of all esophagectomies performed at Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center; 36 underwent THO, and 11 underwent ILO. Result : There were all men and squamous cell carcinoma but 1 woman at ILO group, 2 women at THO group. There were no significant differences between THO and ILO with age, sex, location of tumor, mean tumor length. There were significant differences at preoperative pulmonary function test(In ILO group, average FEV1 is $2.65{\pm}0.6\;L/min$ and iIn THO group, average FEV1 is $2.07{\pm}0.7\;L/min$). The amount of blood transfusion, hospital stay, leak rates and respiratory complication, hospital mortality rate were not significantly different. Conclusion : There was no significant difference in the post-operative complication, hospital mortality rate, long-term survival of patients of both operative method. THO method had lower mobidity and mortality at poor pulmonary function patient than ILO method. Hence, THO is a valid alternative to ILO for patients with poor general condition or expected post-operative respiratory complication.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.75-80
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• 2006

ILO has contributed for seafarers to promote conditions of employment and decent work through maritime labour standards. Between 1920 and 1996, a total of 39 Conventions and 29 Recommendations concerning seafarers have been adopted, which demonstrates the import part of ILO activities devoted to seafarers' questions. But many instruments were outdated, deficient and not reflective of modern practice, many contained technical detail which discouraged ratification. the Governing Body of ILO, at its 262nd Session(March-April 1995), decided to set up a Working Party regarding the revision of maritime labour standards. This Working Party initiated its examination of maritime instruments to 273rd Session(November 1998) of the Governing Body. The review made by the Working Party has concluded that existing maritime Conventions were considered either up to date or were identified for promotion, most of which were approved by the Governing Body. Therefore, ILO started to create a single, coherent instrument embodying as far as possible all up-to-date standards of existing maritime labour convention. The Maritime Labour Convention 2006 has been adopted in February 2006. This paper aims to analyze the significance of this convention and the influence regarding to maritime labour affairs in the field of shipping industry.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.31 no.1 s.117
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• pp.115-119
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• 2007

ILO has contributed for seafarers to promote conditions of employment and decent work through maritime labour standards. Between 1920 and 1996, a total of 39 Conventions and 29 Recommendations concerning seafarers have been adopted, which demonstrates the important part of ILO activities devoted to seafarers' questions. But many instruments were outdated, deficient and not reflective of modern practice, many contained technical detail which discouraged ratification. The Governing Body of ILO, at its 262nd Session(March-April 1995), decided to set up a Working Party regarding the revision of maritime labour standards. This Working Party initiated its examination of maritime instruments to 273rd Session(November 1998) of the Governing Body. The review made by the Working Party has concluded that existing maritime Conventions were considered either up to date or were identified for promotion, most of which were approved by the Governing Body. Therefore, ILO started to create a single, coherent instrument embodying as far as possible all up-to-date standards of existing maritime labour conventions. The Maritime Labour Convention 2006 was adopted in February 2006. This paper aims to analyze the significance of this Convention and the influence regarding to maritime labour affairs in the field of shipping industry.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.296-302
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• 2002

The classic approach for esophagectomy is via the combined thoracic and abdominal approach. Controversy exists whether patients with esophageal carcinoma are best managed with Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy(ILO) as combined thoracic and abdominal approach or transhiatal esophagectomy(THO). The THO approach is known to be superior with respect to operative time, severity of leak, morbidity/mortality, and length of stay, but may represent an inferior cancer operation as a result of survival disadvantage due to inadequate mediastinal clearance compared with ILO. Accordingly, we reviewed the results of our esophageal resections to compare these outcome parameters for each operative approach. Material and Method: From January 1993 to July 2001, We performed a retrospective review of all esophagectomies performed at Keimyung University Dongsan ·Medical Center; 27 underwent THO, and 45 underwent ILO Result: The two groups were comparable in terms of age, sex, and stage of the disease. Mean tumor length and mean operative time were 3.81cm and 354 minutes for THO versus 5.31cm and 453 minutes for ILO, respectively (p<0.01 and p<0.001). Respiratory complications were 11.1% for THO versus 35.6% for ILO(p<0.05). Hospital mortality was 11.1% for THO versus 22.2% for ILO. There were no significant differences between THO and ILO with respect to other types of complications, amount of blood transfusion, leak and stricture rates, and hospital stay. Overall long-term survival at 5 years was 37%, respectively. Conclustion: There was no significant difference in long-term survival of patients of both operative approach. ILO had significant difference in respiratory complications associated with hospital mortality. Hence, THO is a valid alternative to ILO for well selected patients. And either approach appears to be acceptable depending on the surgeons, preferences and experiences.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.31
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• pp.219-246
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• 1997

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.46
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• pp.290-318
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• 2001

In 1981, Chile has fundamentally reformed the public pension system from the pay-as-you-go system (PAYGs) to the full funding defined contribution system managed by the private funding companies. The Chilean privatization reform influenced not only the neighbor South American countries but also the advanced countries. The United Kingdom contracted out the state earning related pension system. Australia and Sweden recently introduced the private investment accounts system. And now the hot debates on the privatization of the social security pension is going on in the United States of America. This wind of privatizing the public pension system is being backed up by the New Liberalism, the nowadays' strongest ideology. Besides, the theoretical and idealogical debate between the World Bank and the ILO/ISSA was happened in the middle of 1990s. The World Bank, the supporter of the international financial capital, insisted the introducing of the full funding individual accounts system and the abolition of the existing PAYGs. The ILO/ISSA apposed the World Bank's policies and advocated the moderate reform of the PAYGs. In this paper, I reviewed the Chilean reform, the World Bank's report and the opposing argument of the ILO/ISSA against it, and analysed the core issues of the two sides. Also, I tried to present the suggestions to the Korean public pension systems. Through the discussing the debate, we made certain of the importance of the basic issues in the social security system like equity vs. adequacy, inter-generational redistribution vs. intra-generational redistribution and welfare vs. economy, once again.

• 중국학논총
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• no.72
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• pp.101-122
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• 2021

Over the past 20 years, labor standards have been widely used in free trade agreements. The U.S., the European Union and China have all aggressively signed free trade agreements with their trading partners, developing different styles on labor standards. According to the study, the implementation of the KOREa-EU FREE trade agreement has been hampered by ongoing disputes over the terms of the FREE trade agreement and the ILO since the korea-EU free trade agreement was signed. Because in order to break this deadlock, relevant scholars have done a lot of research, but mainly focused on the economic and trade field. Therefore, this paper for the first time systematically studies the substantive focus of disputes over FTA and ILO clauses, and carefully analyzes the domestic law amended by South Korea, and provides suggestions and inspirations for China by drawing lessons from the revision model of South Korea's domestic law. This is from a newperspective: the essence of the korea-EU FTA and ILO disputes is the conflict between international law and domestic law, and the conflict between free trade agreements and human rights protection. It holds that the essence of disputes should be sorted out from the perspective of legal principles and human rights protection, and the free trade and human rights protection should be actively coordinated. In order to make China more actively integrate into the international economy, China should adopt a positive attitude to revise and perfect its own laws, so as to realize the purpose of common development of international trade and human rights protection.