• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.165-173
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• 2003

Cytokines represent an essential part of the innate immune response in mammals. Recently, several studies have reported the presence of cytokine-like activities and molecules in the invertebrates such as echinoderms, tunicates, mollusks and insects. In our serial study, we investigated presence of cytokines in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, infected with several immune inducers. Western blotting analysis using rabbit anti-human cytokines showed the presence of IL-6-like molecule in the hemolymph collected at 8 and 24 hrs after infection with peptidoglycan and oligodeoxynucleotide, and the molecular weight of the proteins was ∼45 kDa. We attempted to isolate the molecule by gel permeation HPLC, anion exchange chromatography, ultra centrifugation, and immuno-dot-blot assay, but until now the effort was not much successful yet. It, however, does not appear that the IL-6-like molecule in the silkworm larvae is a mere experimental artifact happened by Western blotting analysis. Instead, further experiment on this subject probably will provide us more fruitful result as detected in other invertebrates including insects.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1647-1655
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• 2005

Gamimahaenggamsuk-tang (GMHGST) is used for treatment of inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, regulatory activity of GMHGST on RA-mediated inflammatory responses was investigated in cultured human fiDroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), Levels of mRNAs encoding for inflammatory cytokines such as $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and IL-8 and NOS-II enzyme, which had been induced by $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $IL-1{\beta}$ cotreatment, were decreased to the similar levels as those in cells treated with anti-inflammatory agent MTX. mRNA expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) as well as intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) were also downregulated by increasing doses of GMHGST in activated FLS. Moreover, GMHGST appeared to protect cells by decreasing NO levels, and inhibited cell proliferation which had been induced by inflammatory stimulation by $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-1. These results suggest that GMHGST is effective as an inhibitory agent for regulating inflammatory responses in activated FLS.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Sericultural Science Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.51-51
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• 2002

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Sericultural Science Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.87-90
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• 2003

Cytokines represent an essential part of the innate immune response in mammals. Recently, several studies have reported presence of cytokine-like activities and molecules in the invertebrates such as echinoderms, tunicates, molluscs and insects (Beck and Habicht, 1986; Beck et al.; 1959; Ottaviani et al.; 1993; Franchini, 1996). The cytokines found in those organisms include IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). (omitted)

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1225-1232
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• 2005

Based on traditional medicine theories, GC, an extract from 5 herbs, has been formulated and prescribed for the treatment of human rheumatoid arthritis(hRA) for many years. The present studies was done to investigate whether GC has inhibitory effects on activation of fibroblast-like sinoviocytes isolated from a RA patient. In tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}(TNF-{\alpha}$)/ interleukin-IL-$1{\beta}$(IL-$1{\beta}$) treated human sinoviocytes, the mRNA expression of molecular indicators related to pathologic changes of the sinoviocytes were examined using quantitative real-time PCR. The treatment of GC($10{\mu}g/ml$) significantly suppressed the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6 and IL-8 compared with the control, but not $IL-1{\beta}$, The mRNA level of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) which is known to increase in the activated sinoviocytes of RA patients, was slightly decreased by GC. The expression of NOS-II was considerably reduced, which was accompanied by a decrease in the production of nitric oxide(NO). Furthermore, GC dramatically raised the mRNA levels of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), while those of matrix metalloproteinase-3 were significantly lowered. Taken together, these data suggested that GC might suppress the activation of sinoviocytes in hRA.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.103-115
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• 2006

$\beta$-Glucan is a glucose polymer that has linkage of $\beta$-(1,3), -(1,4) and -(1,6). As exclusively found in fungal and bacterial cell wall, not in animal, $\beta$-glucans are recognized by innate immune system. Dendritic cells (DC) or macrophages possesses pattern recognition molecule (PRM) for binding $\beta$-glucan as pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). Recently $\beta$-glucan receptor was cloned from DC and named as dectin-l which belongs to type II C-type lectin family. Human dectin-1 is consisted of 7 exons and 6 introns. The polypeptide of dectin-1 has 247 amino acids and has cytoplasmic, transmembrane, stalk and carbohydrate recognition domains. Dectin-1 could recognize variety of beta-1,3 and/or beta-1,6 glucan linkages, but not alpha-glucans. In our macrophage cell line culture system, dectin-1 mRNA was detected in RA W264.7 cells by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Dectin-1 was also detected in the murine organs of spleen, thymus, lung and intestines. Treatment of RA W264.7 cells with $\beta$-glucans of Ganoderma lucidum (GLG) resulted in increased expression of IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$ in the presence of LPS. However, GLG alone did not increase IL-6 nor TNF-$\alpha$. These results suggest that receptor dectin-1 cooperate with CD14 to activate signal transduction that is very critical in immunoresponse.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.103-115
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• 2006

[ ${\beta}-Glucan$ ] is a glucose polymer that has linkage of ${\beta}-(1,3)$, -(1,4) and -(1,6). As exclusively found in fungal and bacterial cell wall, not in animal, ${\beta}-glucans$ are recognized by innate immune system. Dendritic cells (DC) or macrophages possesses pattern recognition molecule (PRM) for binding ${\beta}-glucans$ as pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). Recently ${\beta}-glucans$ receptor was cloned from DC and named as dectin-l which belongs to type II C-type lectin family. Human dectin-l is consisted of 7 exons and 6 introns. The polypeptide of dectin-l has 247 amino acids and has cytoplasmic, transmembrane, stalk and carbohydrate recognition domains. Dectin-l could recognize variety of beta-l,3 and/or beta-l,6 glucan linkages, but not alpha-glucans. In our macrophage cell line culture system, dectin-l mRNA was detected in RA W264.7 cells by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Dectin-l was also detected in the murine organs of spleen, thymus, lung and intestines. Treatment of RA W264.7 cells with ${\beta}-glucans$ of Ganoderma lucidum (GLG) resulted in increased expression of IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in the presence of LPS. However, GLG alone did not increase IL-6 nor $TNF-{\alpha}$ These results suggest that receptor dectin-l cooperate with CD14 to activate signal transduction that is very critical in immunoresponse.

• Korean Circulation Journal
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.92-102
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• 2023

Background and Objectives: YKL-40 is considered to be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this study, the effect of serum 25(OH) vitamin D [25(OH)VitD] differences between groups on YKL-40 was evaluated on a hypercholesterolemia rat model. Methods: Thirty-two male rats (wistar albino) were equally divided into 4 groups. The first group was the control group; the second group was high-cholesterol (H-CH) adequate vitamin D (VitD) group (H-Ade^VD). The third group was the H-CH deficient VitD group (H-Def^VD), and the last group was designed with the H-CH supplement VitD (H-Sup^VD). The feeding process consisted of 2 stages. At the first stage (5 months), the H-Def^VD group was fed on VitD deficient chow, while the other groups (control, H-Ade^VD, H-Sup^VD) were fed on standard chow. At the second stage (3 months), the H-Ade^VD and the H-Sup^VD groups were fed on the H-CH chow, whereas the H-Def^VD group was fed on the H-CH-VitD deficient chow. Moreover, the H-Sup^VD group was given 100 IU/kg/day VitD along with the H-CH chow. Results: Compared with the control group, interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), and YKL-40 values in the H-Def^VD groups increased significantly (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.009, p=0.005; sequentially). Conclusion: It can be concluded that VitD can suppress the YKL-40, thus, it will prevent CVD development in rat. Therefore, further clinical studies related with human will reveal the effect of VitD and YKL-40 on CVD development.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 1999

The storage protein-like protein has been purified from the 5th instar larval haemolymph of the Chinese osk silkwom, Antheraea pernyi, and the preparation was shown to be homogeneous by 7.5% native-PAGE. The molecule was consisted of a single subunit with a molecular weight of 80K, but the number of the subunits was not determined. The protein was defied as glycoprotein by Schiff's regent stining. Rabbit antibody prepared against the purified protein crotein crossreacted with the 5th instar larval haemolymph proteins of Antheraea pernyi and antheraea yamamai, but not with those of Bombyx mori and Bombyx mandarina.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.45-54
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• 2005

GST, an extract from 16 herbs, has been formulated and prescribed for the treatment of human rheumatoid arthritis(hRA) for many years. The present study was done to investigate whether GST has suppressive effects on activation of fibroblast-like sinoviocytes isolated from an RA patient. In tumor necrosis factor-a(TNF-a)/interleukin-1b(IL-1b) treated human sinoviocytes, The mRNA expression of molecular indicators related to pathologic changes of the sinoviocytes were examined using quantitative real-time PCR. The treatment of GST($100\;{\mu}g/ml$) suppressed the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6 and IL-8 compared with the control. The mRNA level of intracellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) which is known to increase in the activated sinoviocytes of RA patients, was slightly decreased by GST. The expression of NOS-II was considerably reduced, which was accompanied by a decrease in the production of nitric oxide(NO). In addition, GST considerably increased the mRNA levels of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-1(TIMP-1), while those of matrix metalloproteinase-3(MMP-3) were decreased. Taken together, these data suggested that GST might suppress the activation of sinoviocytes in hRA.