• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.308-315
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• 2010

Essential oil-excluded Artemisia princeps Pamp var Ssajuarissuk (AP) was fermented with Lactobacillus brevis K-1, which was isolated from cabbage Kimchi, and the anti-inflammatory effects of AP and fermented AP (FAP) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in peritoneal macrophages were investigated. AP and FAP inhibited LPS-induced TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$, COX-2, iNOS and COX-2 expression, as well as NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. AP and FAP also reduced ear thickness, inflammatory cytokine (TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6) expression and NF-${\kappa}B$ activation with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced dermatitis in mice. Furthermore, AP and FAP also reduced exudate volume, cell number, protein amount, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6) expression and NF-${\kappa}B$ activation in carrageenan-induced air pouch inflammation in mice. The inhibitory effects of FAP were more potent than those of non-fermented AP. Based on these findings, we propose that FAP can improve inflammatory diseases, such as dermatitis, by inhibiting the NF-${\kappa}B$ pathway.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.275-282
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• 2008

Hot-water($100^{\circ}C$) and cold-water($4^{\circ}C$) extracts of Taraxacum officinale root were assessed for the effects of innate and adaptive immune responses in mice. Hot water extracts(TO-100) and cold water extracts(TO-4) did not affect the viability of macrophages at concentrations below to 18 mg/ml and 8 mg/ml, respectively. The thioglycollate-induced macrophages cultured with TO-100 and TO-4 produced a significantly higher quantity of various cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-12, than those treated with medium. This shows that the extracts potently stimulated the innate immune response. When mice were subcutaneously immunized(sc) with OVA+FIA(Freund's incomplete adjuvant)-emulsified TO-100, TO-100 did not affect the production of IgE, but enhanced the production of IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b. The culture supernatant obtained from the splenocytes of mice treated with OVA+FIA-emulsified TO-100 also evidenced elevated levels of both OVA-specific Th1-type(IFN-$\gamma$) and Th2-type cytokines(IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10). These results suggested that TO-100 can modulate the immune responses to allergens in mice.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.324-328
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• 2023

Excessive inflammation in the body causes immune cells to release cytokines that damage normal tissues and cells, leading to rheumatoid arthritis and sepsis. Pulsed magnetic field(PMF) stimulation has many applications in the treatment of neurological, muscular disorders and pain. Therefore, in this study, we aim to investigate the effect of PMF stimulation on the regulation of excessive inflammation in the overall immune system. Macrophages, a primary immune cell, and T cells, a secondary immune cell, were co-cultured in the insert wells under the same conditions, and then inflammation was artificially induced. The changes in inflammatory activity following PMF stimulation were measured by pH and IL-6 concentration. After inflammation induction, both cells became more acidic and increased IL-6 expression, but after PMF stimulation, we observed improved acidification of macrophages and T cells and decreased IL-6 expression. Our results showed that infected macrophages activated T cells and that the recovery of excessive inflammatory response regulation after PMF stimulation proceeded more rapidly in macrophages. Therefore, this study suggests that PMF has a positive anti-inflammatory effect on the overall immune system and thus has the potential to be used as a non-invasive therapy for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.535-542
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• 2023

We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of shiitake mushroom and kelp (SMK) mixture extracts in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine RAW 264.7 cells. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with LPS significantly increased NO (nitric oxide) production, pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β), and inflammation-related genes (COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)). In cytotoxicity testing using RAW 264.7 cells, SMK mixture extracts in the range of 1-16 ㎍/mL did not inhibit cell proliferation. However, SMK mixture extracts significantly inhibited NO production in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). SMK treatment significantly decreased TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-1β levels compared to the LPS group, and similarly, pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels also decreased. SMK mixture extracts reduced the mRNA expression of COX-2 and iNOS in RAW 264.7 cells compared to LPS (p<0.05). The above results show that SMK mixture extracts suppressed the inflammatory response induced by LPS. In particular, the extracts were shown to regulate the inflammatory response by suppressing the expression of inflammatory cytokines and inflammation-related enzymes.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.310-315
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• 2020

Orostachys japonicus (O. japonicus) is known as a medicinal plant for the treatment of various symptoms. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of the hexane fraction from O. japonicus (OJH) on the LPS-stimulated response in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. This study was conducted to confirm the effect of cell cytotoxicity and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in OJH-treated macrophage cells. Additionally, pro-inflammatory cytokines and transcription factors were determined using RT-PCR and western blotting assay. OJH showed no change in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and exhibited reduced ROS levels in LPS-induced inflammatory cells. Moreover, OJH significantly suppressed the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and IP-10. Furthermore, OJH effectively inhibited the protein levels of AP-1 (p-c-Jun and p-c-Fos) and p-IRF3 in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that OJH exhibits strong anti-inflammatory activities via regulation of inflammatory factors.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1062-1073
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• 2023

Although depression is a common psychiatric disorder that negatively affects individuals and societies, its exact pathogenesis is not well understood. Stress is a major risk factor for depression and is known to increase susceptibility by triggering inflammation. Indeed, many preclinical and clinical studies have suggested a strong link between depression and inflammation. Depression is associated with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL-)1β, IL-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ, and decreased levels of the anti-inflammatory IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-β. Administering pro-inflammatory cytokines causes depression-like behaviors in rodents. Conversely, administering anti-inflammatory drugs appears to ameliorate depressive symptoms. Although the importance of inflammation as a mediator of depression has been demonstrated, the mechanisms by which inflammation is activated in depression remain unclear. To address this issue, recent studies have focused on the importance of stress-induced sterile inflammation. Sterile inflammation refers to the activation of inflammatory processes due to physical and/or psychological stress in the absence of pathogens. Stress promotes the release of endogenous factors known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), thereby triggering sterile inflammation. In turn, DAMPs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors, leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we review the role of DAMPs in depression based on preclinical and clinical evidence on the dysregulation of sterile inflammation.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.489-499
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• 2023

Isoegomaketone(IK), isolated from the radiation-induced mutant cultivar of Perilla frutescens var. crispa, is a major phytochemical compound that has attracted attention in pharmacological research. In this study, we demonstrated that IK exerts anti-inflammatory and protective effects on human mast cells and in an atopic dermatitis mouse model. IK inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-8 expression in human mast cells (HMC-1) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate(PMA) and calcium ionophore A23187 (PMACI). IK significantly reduced the PMACI-induced phosphorylation of ERK and JNK, but not p38. IK also inhibited the PMACI-induced phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3. Oral administration of IK in atopic dermatitis mouse model ameliorated skin inflammation severity, as measured by skin thickness and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels such as TNF-α, IL-8, IL-4, and IL-13. These results might suggest that IK is a potent therapeutic agent against skin inflammation and atopic dermatitis.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.199-205
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• 2017

To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of natural products, we determined the anti-inflammatory activity of purified epigallocatechin (EGC) from Camellia sinensis leaves. In the present study, we found that EGC inhibited the production of proinflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, NO, and $PGE_2$) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. Suppression of IL-6 seems to be at least partly attributable to the inhibitory effect of EGC. TNF-${\alpha}$ is a major cytokine produced by LPS-induced macrophages, and they have a wide variety of biological functions including regulation of inflammation. The inhibition of IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ production by EGC may downregulate the acute-phase response to LPS, thereby reducing LPS-induced inflammation. In addition to IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$, EGC effectively reduced the production of other key inflammatory mediators, including NO and $PGE_2$. The inhibitory effect of EGC on NO and $PGE_2$ production was supported by the suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and COX-2 at protein levels. These results support the traditional use of EGC in the alleviation of various inflammation-associated diseases and suggest that EGC might be useful in the development of new functional foods for inflammatory diseases.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.12-24
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• 2008

Background and Objective : Chungsangboha-tang (CSBHT) has analgesic, sedative, anti-convulsive and anti-histamine effects, so it alleviates the symptoms of asthma. For the comparison of anti-inflammatory effect(s) on CSBHT, PD098059 was used as a negative control. Materials and Methods : This study emphasized THP-1 cells, which had been well characterized as a human monocytic leukemic cell line. The cells resemble monocytes with respect to several criteria and can be differentiated into macrophage-like cells by treatment with PMA. By using the MTS assay, it was possible to prove the safety of CSBHT. Results : Results shows that the CSBHT did not affected cell survival within $10^{1}$ ng/ml to $10^{5}$ ng/ml. Especially, $10^{5}$ ng/ml CSBHT treated cells show 70% deduction of $TNF-{\alpha}$ gene expression against that of LPS treated group. Furthermore, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ levels are down-regulated when treated with CSBHT with concentrations up to 100 ug/ml on monocyte-derived macrophages. Interestingly, CSBHT-treated samples showed that overall transcriptional activities were down-regulated to 20% of that of PD098059 ($TNF-{\alpha}$ inhibitor). At protein level, the expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ showed similar results as that of transcriptional activity. Results show that the protein level decreased more in the CSBHT-treated group (487 ${\pm}$ 87 pg/ml) than in the LPS-treated group (703 ${\pm}$ 103 pg/ml). In addition, the protein level of IL-8 in the CSBHT treated-group (9.84 ${\pm}$ 3.28 ng/ml) decreased similar as the expression of the control and PD098059-treated groups. Conclusion : CSBHT affects immune response, especially allergic responses and suppression of inflammatory reaction. The results provide us an alternative way to care for clinical inflammatory diseases, not only asthma but also the other possible general inflammatory and allergic diseases.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the antimetastatic and immunomodulating effects of extracts of Ulmus davidiana extracts(U. D. Ex.). Methods: Antimetastatic experiments were conducted in vitro and in vivo by using colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma, L5178Y-R lymphoma cell and Hela cell. To observe the immunomodulating effects of U. D. Ex., we measured IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-$\alpha$ from peritoneal macrophages. And we evaluated the activation of NK cell by using anti-asialo-GM1 serum. Results: We found that the administration of U. D. Ex. significantly inhibited tumor metastasis in vivo. In vitro cytotoxicity analysis, cell growth are closer to 100% in case of Colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma, L5178Y-R lymphoma cell and Hela cell at low concentration. In case of macrophage, cell proliferation is closer to 100% less than $250{\mu}g/ml$ of U. D. Ex.. The level of cytokine such as IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 which stimulates U. D. Ex. was increased in dose-dependent manner compared to the control group. In case of TNF-$\alpha$, the level was increased at concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/ml$. The depletion of NK cells by anti-asialo GM1 serum partly abolished the inhibitory effect of U. D. Ex. on tumor metastasis. Conclusion: Ulmus davidiana appears to have considerable activity on the anti-metastasis by activation the immune system.