• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.209-213
• /
• 2007

In the recent, increased concern has been focused on the pharmacology and clinical utility of herbal extracts and derivatives as a drug or adjunct to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Salicis Radicis Cortex, A decoction has been mainly used for improvement of ozena and a diuretic effect in oriental medicine, but there was no study on the molecular mechanism of Salicis Radicis Cortex as an immunomodulator. Here we investigated the role of the aqueous extract of Salicis Radicis Cortex in the expression of inflammatory mediators, surface molecule, and related receptors in vitro and in vivo. In murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages of C57BL/6N mice, water extract of Salicis Radicis Cortex increased the production of secretary TNF-alpha and Nitric oxide, and the expression level of CD14, LPS co-receptor and CD86, co-stimulatory molecule compared to negative natural extract ex vivo. Moreover, i.p. injection of water extract of Salicis Radicis Cortex significantly increased the secretion level of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-5 in serum of mice in vivo. Taken together, these results suggest that Salicis Radicis Cortex may regulate the immune response by secreting Th1 and Th2 types of cytokines in vivo and the possibility of its as natural immunostimulator.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제27권5호
• /
• pp.749-756
• /
• 2014

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary antioxidants on pro-inflammatory cytokines, heat shock protein (HSP) and antioxidant status in broiler chicks under summer conditions. A total of 162, 3-d-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to a basal diet (CON) and the basal diet supplemented with vitamin C (200 mg/kg diet, VCD) or vitamin E (100 mg/kg, VED) until 35 day of age. All birds were exposed to summer diurnal heat stress at average daily fluctuations of temperature between $32^{\circ}C$ to $34^{\circ}C$ at day to $27^{\circ}C$ to $29^{\circ}C$ at night for the entire feeding periods. There was no significant difference in body weight, feed to gain ratio and the relative organ weight except the thymus in response to dietary vitamin C or E supplementation. However, the mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$, Toll like receptor (TLR)-4 and HSP70 in the liver of birds fed diet containing vitamin C significantly (p<0.05) decreased compared with those in birds fed basal diet. Dietary vitamin E also showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the mRNA expression of IL-6 and HSP70 compared with a basal diet. Total antioxidant status (TAS) in serum of birds fed vitamin C supplemented diet was significantly (p<0.05) higher with than that in birds a basal diet. Lipid peroxidation in serum and liver resulted in a significant (p<0.05) decrease in response to dietary vitamin C or E supplementation. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with antioxidant vitamins, especially vitamin C resulted in a significant decrease in the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and HSP70, and higher antioxidant parameters than that of birds on the basal diet under summer conditions.

• 한방비만학회지
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2023

Objectives: Noni fruit juice (NFJ) is liquor extracted from Morinda citrifolia (noni) fruit and has been used as an herbal remedy in many countries. However, the NFJ's anti-adipogenic and anti-inflammatory effects on adipocytes are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to explore the commercially standardized NFJ effects on lipid accumulation throughout 3T3-L1 preadipocytes differentiation and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-mediated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Methods: Cellular lipid accumulation and triglyceride (TG) content in differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were assessed subsequently via the Oil Red O staining and AdipoRed assay. MTS assay was used to examine NFJ cytotoxicity in (differentiating) 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Immunoblotting and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis were used to measure the expression levels of target protein and mRNA in (differentiating) 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, respectively. Results: NFJ treatment at 150 μL/mL led to a substantial reduction of fat accumulation and TG content during 3T3-L1 adipogenesis with no discernable impact on the cell viability. Of note, while NFJ treatment (150 μL/mL) largely inhibited the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β (PPAR-β) protein expressions, it did not influence PPAR-γ in differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Of interest, treatment with IL-1β at 20 ng/mL for 4 hours elicited in firm induction of iNOS mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. However, NFJ treatment at 100 or 200 μL/mL greatly attenuated the IL-1β-induced iNOS mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Conclusions: NFJ has anti-adipogenic and anti-inflammatory effects on (differentiating) 3T3-L1 preadipocytes which are in part intervened via control of the expression of C/EBP-α, PPAR-β, and iNOS.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제37권5호
• /
• pp.952-961
• /
• 2024

Objective: Stocking density (SD) is an important issue in the poultry industry, which is related to the production performance, intestinal health and immune status. In the present study, the effects of SD on the metabolism and homeostasis of uric acid as well as the related functions of the liver and kidney in ducks were examined. Methods: A total of 360 healthy 56-day-old Shan-ma ducks were randomly divided into the low stocking density (n = 60, density = 5 birds/m²), medium stocking density (n = 120, density = 10 birds/m²) and high stocking density groups (HSD; n = 180, density = 15 birds/m²). Samples were collected in the 3rd, 6th, and 9th weeks of the experiment for analysis. Results: The serum levels of uric acid, lipopolysaccharide and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]) were increased significantly in the HSD group. Serious histopathological lesions could be seen in both the livers and kidneys in the HSD group in the 9th week. The mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and TNF-α) and related pathway components (toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88, and nuclear factor-κB) were increased significantly in both the livers and kidneys in the HSD group. The mRNA expression levels of enzymes (adenosine deaminase, xanthine oxidase, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase, and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1) related to the synthesis of uric acid increased significantly in the livers in the HSD group. However, the mRNA expression level of solute carrier family 2 member 9, which plays an important role in the excretion of uric acid by the kidney, was decreased significantly in the kidneys in the HSD group. Conclusion: These results indicated that a higher SD could cause tissue inflammatory lesions in the liver and kidney and subsequently affect the metabolism and homeostasis of uric acid, and is helpful for guiding decisions related to the breeding and production of ducks.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제37권3호
• /
• pp.376-382
• /
• 2004

The Epstein-Barr-transformed B lymphoblastoid cell lines, LCL, which express antigens, are potential antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro. However, transfecting LCL with subsequent selection by antibiotics is notoriously difficult because the plating efficiencies of LCL are reported to be 1% or less. Therefore, this study investigated the optimal conditions for increasing the transduction efficiency of a recombinant adenovirus to LCL for use as a source of APCs. The transduction efficiencies were < 13% (SD $\pm$ 2.13) at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100, while it was increased to 28% (SD $\pm$ 9.43) at an MOI of 1000. Moreover, its efficiencies to LCL that expressed the coxsackie adenovirus receptor were increased to 60% (SD $\pm$ 6.35) at an MOI of 1000, and were further increased to 70% (SD $\pm$ 4.56) when combined with the centrifugal method. The cationic liposome or anionic polymer had no effect on the transduction efficiency when compared to that of the centrifugal method. These results may be used as a convenient source of target cells for a CTL assay and/or autologous APCs for the induction of the in vitro CTL responses that are specific to viral and tumor antigens.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.1041-1054
• /
• 2004

Electroacupuncture (EA) has been reported to increase pain threshold, and to enhance the NK cell activity by up-regulation of IFN-γ and endogenous β-endolphin. For the purpose of understanding the molecular mechanism of EA stimulation, we analyzed the gene expression profile of rat hypothalamus, treated on Zusanli (ST36) with EA, in comparison with control group by oligonucleotide chip microarray (Affymetrix GeneChip Rat Neurobiology U34 Array) and real-time RT-PCR. Sprague-Dawley (S-D) male rats were stimulated at the Zusanli (ST36) acupoint in restriction holder. Simultaneously the control group was given only holder stress without EA stimulation. In order to prove the appropriateness of EA treatment, we measured spleen NK cell activity with standard 51Cr release assay. NK cell activity of EA group was significantly increased comparing to control group. The microarray and PCR results show that EA treatment up-regulates expression of genes associated with 1) nerve growth such as NGF induced factor A and VGF, 2) signal transduction such as 5HT3 receptor subunit, AMPA receptor binding protein and Na-dependent neurotransmitter transporter, and 3) anti-oxidation such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase. In addition, the activity of the anti-oxidative enzyme, SOD of hypothalamus, liver and RBC was enhanced compared to that of control. The list of differentially expressed genes may implicate further insight on the mechanism of acupuncture effects.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• 제41권3호
• /
• pp.239-247
• /
• 1994

연구배경: ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T 림프구가 새로 발견된 이후 아직 명확한 기능이 밝혀지지 않았지만 M.tuberculosis의 HSP65에 반응함이 보고되었다. 아직도 결핵의 유병률이 높은 현실을 감안하여 폐결핵환자를 대상으로 하여 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방법: 16예의 건강대조군과 22예의 폐결핵군에서 말초혈액을 채취하여 PPD, Con-A, 그리고 H37Ra lysate로 자극하였으며, 자극전후의 ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T 림프구의 비율과 활성도를 유세포계측을 이용하여 측정하였다. 결과: 1) 건강대조군의 말초혈액의 총 T 림프구 중에서 ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T 림프구의 비율은 $10.0{\pm}4.8%$ 이었고, 폐결핵군에서는 $7.5{\pm}5.2%$로 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 2) PPD, Con-A, 그리고 H37Ra lysate로 자극한 후에도 ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T 림프구의 비율은 유의한 변화가 없었다. 3) ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T 림프구 중에서 IL-2R(+)인 비율은 건강대조군에서 $1.8{\pm}2.8%$, 그리고 폐결핵군에서는 4.8%로 폐결핵군에서 유의하게 높았다. 4) PPD 또는 Con-A로 자극후 양군 모두에서 IL-2R(+)의 비율은 통계적으로 유의하게 증가되었다. 5) PPD 피부반응검사와 말초혈액의 ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T 림프구의 비율간에는 유의한 상관관계가 없었다. 결론: 본 연구에서는 폐결핵환자의 말초혈액에서 ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T 림프구의 역할을 규명할 수 없었다. 국소병변에서의 ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T 림프구에 대한 연구가 더 필요하리라 생각된다.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제25권9호
• /
• pp.993-999
• /
• 2015

본 연구에서는 참콩풍뎅이(Popillia flavosellata) 에탄올 추출물(PFE)의 항염증 효능을 분석하기 위해 PFE를 농도별(500, 1,000, 2,000 μg/ml)로 대식세포인 RAW 264.7에 처리 시 최고 처리농도인 2,000 μg/ml까지 통계적인 유의성 있는 독성이 없음을 확인하였다. LPS (100 ng/ml)로 염증 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포에 PFE를 농도별(500, 1,000, 2,000 μg/ml)로 동시 처리 시 농도 의존적으로 염증성사이토카인인 TNF-α와 IL-6의 단백질 생성을 통계적인 유의성(p<0.001)있게 억제함을 확인하였다. 또한 염증 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포에 PFE 동시 처리 시 NF-κB p65의 핵으로 이동이 차단됨과 iNOS와 COX-2의 단백질 발현을 감소시키는 것을 확인하였다. 이상의 연구결과를 통해 참콩 풍뎅이는 염증에 의해 활성화된 TLR-4 신호전달과정을 조절하는 NF-κB p65의 활성과 염증성사이토카인 TNF-α와 IL-6의 생성 및 염증성효소 iNOS와 COX-2의 생성을 억제하는 항염증 효능이 있음을 확인하였다.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.17-25
• /
• 2018

본 연구에서는 아토피 피부염 동물 모델에 대한 ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan과 L. plantarum LM1004의 면역조절 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 가려움증의 횟수와 유출된 evans blue, 그리고 혈청 IgE와 histamine의 농도는 ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan과 L. plantarum LM1004를 섭취한 그룹에서 아토피 피부염 유발그룹에 비해 유의적으로 감소하는 결과를 나타내었다. 아토피 피부염이 유발되면 전사 수준에서 Th2 및 Th17 세포의 전사인자 및 cytokine은 과발현되며, ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan과 L. plantarum LM1004를 섭취하였을 때 이를 유의적으로 감소되었다. 또한 ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan과 L. plantarum LM1004는 Th1 및 Treg 세포의 전사인자(T-bet, GATA-3, $ROR{\gamma}T$, Foxp3) 및 cytokine (INF-${\gamma}$, IL-4, IL-17, TGF-${\beta}$)의 발현을 증가시킴으로써 면역 균형을 조절하는 것으로 나타났다. Galectin-9과 filaggrin은 아토피피부염 유발 처리군에서 유의적으로 가장 낮았으며, ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan 처리군에서 유의적으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 이와 반대로 TSLP는 아토피 피부염 유발그룹에서 유의적으로 가장 높았으며 ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan과 L. plantarum LM1004를 섭취한 그룹은 대조군과 유사한 수준이었다. 이러한 결과를 통해 ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan과 L. plantarum LM1004는 아토피 피부염 동물 모델에서 면역조절 작용 및 아토피 피부염의 개선 효과를 가짐을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan과 L. plantarum LM1004는 아토피 피부염에 유용한 천연소재로서 사용될 것으로 기대된다.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제29권9호
• /
• pp.977-985
• /
• 2019

쑥부쟁이는 국화과에 속하는 다년생 식물로서 다양한 질병의 예방 및 치료에 오랫동안 사용되어 왔다. 최근 연구에서 쑥부쟁이 잎 추출물이 항산화 및 항염증 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있지만, 정확한 효능 평가에 관한 연구는 여전히 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서 쑥부쟁이 잎 에탄올 추출물(EEAY)의 항산화 효능이 항염증 효능과 연관이 있는지의 여부를 조사하였다. 본 연구의 결과에 의하면, EEAY는 $H_2O_2$ 처리에 의한 RAW 264.7 세포의 세포 독성을 유의적으로 억제시켰으며, 이는 Nrf2 및 HO-1의 발현 증가와 관련이 있음을 보여 주었다. 또한 EEAY는 $H_2O_2$에 의한 apoptosis를 유의적으로 억제하였으며, 이는 caspase-3의 활성 억제에 따른 PARP의 분해 차단과 연관성이 있었다. 그리고 EEAY는 대표적인 항 염증성 사이토카인인 IL-10의 발현 및 생산을 증가시켰으며, 이는 전사 및 번역 수준에서의 TLR-4 및 Myd88 발현 증가와 관련이 있었다. 아울러 EEAY는 LPS에 의한 염증성 매개인자인 NO의 생성 증가를 현저히 억제하였으며, EEAY에 의한 NO 생성의 억제 효과는 HO-1 유도제인 hemin에 의해 더욱 증가되었다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과는 EEAY에 의한 산화적 및 염증성 스트레스에 대한 RAW 264.7 대식세포의 보호 효과에 최소한 Nrf2/HO-1 신호 경로의 활성화가 관여할 가능성을 보여주었다.