• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.163-172
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• 2018

PRF001 is a fragmented DNA polymer extracted from the testes of salmon. The purpose of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of PRF001 in vitro as well as the protective effect of PRF001 intake against arthritis in a rat model. In vitro, cell survival and inflammatory markers after $H_2O_2$ treatment to induce cell damage were investigated in CHON-001 cells treated with different concentrations of PRF001. In vivo, osteoarthritis was induced by intra-articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) into the knee joints of rats. After consumption of PRF001 (10, 50, or 100 mg/kg) for 4 weeks, inflammatory mediators and cytokines in articular cartilage were investigated. In vitro, the levels of inflammatory markers, $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, COX-2, iNOS, and PGE2, were significantly suppressed by PRF001 treatment. In vivo, the inflammatory mediators and cytokines, $IL-1{\beta}$, p-Erk1/2, $NF-{\kappa}B$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, COX-2, and PGE2, as well as MMP3 and MMP7, which have catabolic activity in chondrocytes, were decreased in the MIA-induced osteoarthritic rats following intake of PRF001. Histological analysis revealed that PRF001 had a protective effect on the articular cartilage. Altogether, these results demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory property of PRF001 contributes to its protective effects in osteoarthritis through deregulating $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and subsequent signals, such as p-Erk1/2, $NF-{\kappa}B$, COX-2, PGE2, and MMPs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1307-1315
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• 2012

We evaluated the effect of dietary supplements with benzoic acid on intestinal beneficial bacteria concentration and immune response of weaning pigs. Supplementation with benzoic acid at 0.5% or control diet for 35 days resulted in a higher Lactobacillus casei concentration in the cecum. Supplementation with benzoic acid at 0.5% increased concentration of L. plantarum in the cecum. Pigs with the control diet and 0.5% benzoic acid had significantly increased concentration of B. subtillis in the cecum compared to the antibiotic group, while the concentration of B. subtillis in the rectum increased in pigs given 0.3 and 0.5% benzoic acid (p<0.05). Compared with the control group, the level of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ mRNA showed a significant decrease in the proximal small intestine in pigs fed diets supplemented with benzoic acid at 0.5% or antibiotic. Feeding 0.5% benzoic acid resulted in a marked reduction in the expression of IL-6 mRNA in the middle small intestine (p<0.05). Supplementation with benzoic acid at 0.5% or antibiotic resulted in a lower level of tumor necrosis factor-mRNA in the middle intestine. Up to 0.5% benzoic acid may be included in weaning diets for improvement of intestinal beneficial bacteria, thus modulating genes of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the gastrointestinal tract.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.39.18-39.18
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• 2021

Background: Interferon lambda receptor 1 (IFNLR1) is a type II cytokine receptor that clings to interleukins IL-28A, IL29B, and IL-29 referred to as type III IFNs (IFN-λs). IFN-λs act through the JAK-STAT signaling pathway to exert antiviral effects related to preventing and curing an infection. Although the immune function of IFN-λs in virus invasion has been described, the molecular mechanism of IFNLR1 in that process is unclear. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the role of IFNLR1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Methods: The effects of IFNLR1 on the proliferation of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) during PRRSV infection were investigated using interference and overexpression methods. Results: In this study, the expressions of the IFNLR1 gene in the liver, large intestine, small intestine, kidney, and lung tissues of Dapulian pigs were significantly higher than those in Landrace pigs. It was determined that porcine IFNLR1 overexpression suppresses PRRSV replication. The qRT-PCR results revealed that overexpression of IFNLR1 upregulated antiviral and IFN-stimulated genes. IFNLR1 overexpression inhibits the proliferation of PAMs and upregulation of p-STAT1. By contrast, knockdown of IFNLR1 expression promotes PAMs proliferation. The G0/G1 phase proportion in IFNLR1-overexpressing cells increased, and the opposite change was observed in IFNLR1-underexpressing cells. After inhibition of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, the G2/M phase proportion in the IFNLR1-overexpressing cells showed a significant increasing trend. In conclusion, overexpression of IFNLR1 induces activation of the JAK/STAT pathway, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of PAMs infected with PRRSV. Conclusion: Expression of the IFNLR1 gene has an important regulatory role in PRRSV-infected PAMs, indicating it has potential as a molecular target in developing a new strategy for the treatment of PRRSV.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.277-287
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• 2022

Background: Inflammatory dental diseases that occur during pregnancy can cause preterm labor and/or intrauterine growth restriction. Therefore, proactive treatment of dental diseases is necessary during pregnancy. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a widely used sedative in the dental field, but research on the effect of DEX on pregnancy is currently insufficient. In this study, we investigated the effects of co-treatment with DEX and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on inflammatory responses in human amnion-derived WISH cells. Methods: Human amnion-derived WISH cells were treated with 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 ㎍/mL DEX with 1 ㎍/mL LPS for 24 h. Cytotoxicity of WISH cells was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), p38, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-𝜅B) was examined by western blot analysis. The mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1𝛽 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-𝛼 was analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: Co-treatment with DEX and LPS showed no cytotoxicity in the WISH cells. The mRNA expression of IL-1𝛽 and TNF-𝛼 decreased after co-treatment with DEX and LPS. DEX and LPS co-treatment decreased the protein expression of COX-2, PGE₂, phospho-p38, and phospho-NF-𝛋B in WISH cells. Conclusion: Co-treatment with DEX and LPS suppressed the expression of COX-2 and PGE₂, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1𝛽 and TNF-𝛼 in WISH cells. In addition, the anti-inflammatory effect of DEX and LPS co-treatment was mediated by the inhibition of p38/NF-𝜅B activation.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.1-24
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the effects of Bojungikgi-Tang on the development of experimentally-induced endometriosis in rats. Methods: Endometriosis was induced in rats by autotransplanting uterine tissue to the peritoneum and we divided the rats into three groups: (1) sham-operated group (n=8), (2) surgically induced endometriosis and untreated control group(n=8), (3) surgically induced endometriosis and Bojungikgi-Tang treated group. Bojungikgi-Tang was orally administrated for 15 days after operation. Then we measured the body weight, the volume of endometriotic implants, the weight of uterus and ovary, and analysed the concentration of cytokines(MCP-1, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6) in peritoneal fluids. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry for COX-2 and VEGF, and histochemistry for mast cell in transplanted uterine tissue were also performed. Results: 1. The volume($mm^3$) of endometriotic implants in Bojungikgi-Tang treated group(129${\pm}$39) was significantly decreased(p<0.05) compared with control group(222${\pm}$109). 2. The concentration(pg/$m{\ell}$) of MCP-1 in peritoneal fluids in Bojungikgi-Tang treated group(1012${\pm}$248) was significantly decreased(p<0.05) compared with control group(1413${\pm}$346). 3. The concentration(pg/$m{\ell}$ of TNF-${\alpha}$ in peritoneal fluids in Bojungikgi-Tang treated group(887${\pm}$196) was significantly decreased(p<0.05) compared with control group(1126${\pm}$140). 4. Histopathologically, proliferation of endometriotic epithelia, infiltration of inflammatory cells and angiogenesis in transplanted uterine tissue of Bojungikgi-Tang treated group were weakly observed than those of control group. 5. The percentage of positive epithelial layers for COX-2 in Bojungikgi-Tang treated group(56${\pm}$17) was significantly decreased(p<0.05) compared with control group(75${\pm}$16). 6. The VEGF expression of endometriotic epithelia, neovascular endothelia and stromal cells in transplanted uterine tissue of Bojungikgi-Tang treated group were weakly observed than those of control group. Conclusion: On the basis of these results, we concluded that Bojungikgi-Tang has inhibiting effects on the development of transplanted uterine tissue. And these effects may be related with decreased production of MCP-1, TNF-${\alpha}$, and decreased expression of COX-2 and VEGF infiltration by administration of Bojungikgi-Tang.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.837-841
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• 2002

Four new acetylated ginsenosides were isolated from the processed ginseng (SG, sun ginseng). Their structures were determined to be $3{\beta},{\;}12{\beta}-dihydroxydammar-20(22),24-diene-3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranosyl(1{\rightarrow}2)-{\beta}-D-6"-O-acetylglucopyranoside;{\;}3{\beta},12{\beta}-dihydroxydammar-20(21),{\;}24-diene-3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranosyl(1{\rightarrow}2)-{\beta}-D-6"-O-acetylglucopyranoside;{\;}3{\beta},{\;}6{\alpha},12{\beta}-trihydroxydammar-20(22),24-diene-6-O-{\beta}-D-6'-O-acetylglucopyranoside{\;}and{\;}3{\beta},6{\alpha},12{\beta}-trihydroxydammar-20(21),24-diene-6-O-{\beta}-D-6'-O-acetylglucopyranoside$ based on spectroscopic evidences. The compounds were named ginsenoside $Rs_4,{\;}Rs_5,{\;}RS_6{\;}and{\;}Rs_7$, respectively.pectively.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.403-414
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• 2009

Many researches have been devoted to the small area estimation related with the area level statistics. Almost all of the small area estimation methods are derived based on minimization of mean squared error(MSE). Recently Hwang and Shin (2008) suggested an alternative small area estimation method by minimizing mean squared percentage error. In this paper we apply this small area estimation method to the labor statistics, especially monthly wages by a branch area of labor department. The Monthly Labor Survey data (2007) is used for analysis and comparison of these methods.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1180-1183
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• 2011

In this paper, we present a design of AEM radome with frequency selective surface using unit-cell EM simulation method and verified the performance of AEM radome by the radiation pattern measurements of $16{\times}16$ array-antenna. Measured results under near-field condition showed a good agreement with the simulation and far-field measured ones. And there were no radiation pattern variation between antenna only and antenna with AEM radome. From these results, we verified that AEM radome with frequency selective surface can be a solution to reduce the RCS of conventional mast and radar.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1383-1388
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• 2013

The pilot plant experiment was performed to investigate phosphorus and nitrogen removal from domestic wastewater by MLE process combined with aluminum corrosion reactor. When operating 0.5Q and 1Q to internal recycle and sludge recycle in the MLE process, the effluent $COD_{Mn}$ concentration of internal recycle 0.5Q were higher than internal recycle 1Q, the removal efficiency rates of $NH_3$-N in the internal recycle 0.5Q were was higher than internal recycle 1Q. Denitrification rates were about 86.8% in internal recycle and sludge recycle 0.5Q. When operating 0.5Q to internal recycle and sludge recycle in the MLE process, the removal efficiency rates of total nitrogen was the highest. The removal efficiency rates of total phosphorus was about 91.5% in the aluminum corrosion reactor.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.13-19
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• 2018

The exposed pipe requires higher durability because is directly contacted with the outside air unlike the buried pipe. For this purpose, clear detailed technical standards are essential in the design and construction of piping systems. However, the existing technical standards were not able to evaluate the durability considering the characteristics of piping, so many questions were raised in the field. Therefore, through the present study, the existing detailed technical standards are revised to propose measures to secure the durability of exposed piping.