• 생명과학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.323-331
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• 2005

남미지역에서 자생하는 Tabebuia avellanedae라는 나무의 수피에서 동정된 quinone계 물질이며, DNA topoisomeras억제제로 알려진 $\beta-lapachone$의 항암작용에 관한 부가적인 자료를 얻기 위하여 인체 간암(HepG2) 및 방광암(T24)세포를 대상으로 조사한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻게 되었다. MTT assay 및 flow cytometry 분석 등의 결과에서, $\beta-lapachone$의 처리에 따라 조사된 두 가지 암세포에서 $\beta-lapachone$처리 농도의존적으로 암세포의 심한 형태적 변형이 동반되면서 암세포의 증식이 억제되었으며, 생존율이 저하되었고 이는 apoptosis유발과 상관성이 있음을 알 수 있었다. $\beta-lapachone$처리에 의한 두 암세포의 증식억제는 종양억제 유전자 p53 및 Cdk inhibitor p21의 발현과는 큰 연관성이 없음을 RT-PCR 및 Western blot analysis를 통하여 확인하였다. 그러나 전사조절인자 Sp-1 및 세포증식 주요조절인자인 PCNA의 단백질 발현은 $\beta-lapachone$처리에 따라 매우 감소되었으며, telomere조절에 중요한 인자들의 선택적 발현 저하 현상도 관찰되었다. 이상의 결과들은 인체 암세포에서 $\beta-lapachone$의 항암작용을 이해하는 중요한 자료가 될 것이며, $\beta-lapachone$과 유사한 화학적 구조 및 성질을 가지는 항암제 후보물질들의 항암기전 비교 및 항암제 개발을 위한 기초 자료로서 응용될 것이다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.1314-1327
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• 2021

Bacillus is characterized by the formation of spores in harsh environments, which makes it suitable for use as a probiotic for feed because of thermostability and high survival rate, even under long-term storage. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Bacillus-based probiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, immune response, and intestinal microbiota of weaned pigs. A total of 40 weaned pigs (7.01 ± 0.86 kg body weight [BW]; 28 d old) were randomly assigned to two treatments (4 pigs/pen; 5 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design (block = BW and sex). The dietary treatment was either a typical nursery diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) or CON supplemented with 0.01% probiotics containing a mixture of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis (PRO). Fecal samples were collected daily by rectal palpation for the last 3 days after a 4-day adaptation. Blood, ileal digesta, and intestinal tissue samples were collected from one pig in each pen at the respective time points. The PRO group did not affect the feed efficiency, but the average daily gain was significantly improved (p < 0.05). The PRO group showed a trend of improved crude protein digestibility (p < 0.10). The serum transforming growth factor-β1 level tended to be higher (p < 0.10) in the PRO group on days 7 and 14. There was no difference in phylum level of the intestinal microbiota, but there were differences in genus composition and proportions. However, β-diversity analysis showed no statistical differences between the CON and the PRO groups. Taken together, Bacillus-based probiotics had beneficial effects on the growth performance, immune system, and intestinal microbiota of weaned pigs, suggesting that Bacillus can be utilized as a functional probiotic for weaned pigs.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.402-412
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• 2022

본 연구는 주요 난대 상록활엽수종인 붉가시나무, 구실잣밤나무, 동백나무, 황칠나무 등 4종 임분과 곰솔림을 대상으로 2019년 5월~2020년 1월까지 각 산림의 임분 특성 및 NVOCs 발산특성을 알아보고자 수행되었다. 분석 결과, 각 조사구의 계절별 기온 및 습도는 여름철에 고온다습하고 겨울철 저온건조한 일반적 우리나라의 기후적 특성을 보였고 기압은 대체적으로 겨울이 높았으며 봄, 여름보다 가을과 겨울의 기압이 높았다. 조사구 5개소의 총 NVOCs는 전체적으로 여름철에 가장 높았으며 봄, 겨울은 황칠나무림, 가을은 구실잣밤나무림, 여름은 붉가시나무림의 NVOCs량이 상대적으로 높은 특성을 보였다. 수종별로 살펴보면, 침엽수종인 곰솔림보다 난대 상록활엽수종인 붉가시나무, 구실잣밤나무, 동백나무, 황칠나무의 NVOCs 발산량이 낮지 않거나 오히려 높은 것을 확인하였다. NVOCs 발산에 기온(r=0.590, P=0.000), 습도(r=0.655, P=0.000)는 양(+)의 상관관계, 기압(r=-0.384, P=0.000)과 풍속(r=-0.263, P=0.018)은 낮은 음(-)의 영향이 있었다. 미기상인자 중 습도(β=0.507, P=0.000)가 NVOC 발산량에 가장 크게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 기온, 기압, 풍속 순으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.247-258
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• 2019

Background: Astragali radix (A) and Lithospermi radix (L) have long been used as traditional medicines due to their known anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed at evaluating, their optimal mixing ratio and their functional compounds by investigating the inhibitory effects of mixed extracts of A and L and their active compounds on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Methods and Results: A and L extracts were obtained by extraction at $80^{\circ}C$ using 50% and 70% fermented alcohol, respectively, and then mixed at a ratio of 5 : 5, 6 : 4, 7 : 3 and 8 : 2 (w/w). The activities of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 were evaluated in interleukin-1beta ($IL-1{\beta}$)-induced SW1353 cells. The extract mixtures showed synergistic inhibitory effects on MMP-3 and MMP-13, higher than the effects of the individual A and L extracts. The 7 : 3 mixture (ALM16) showed the most effective MMPs inhibitory activity, while among the active ingredients, calycosin-7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside and lithospermic acid exhibited excellent MMPs inhibitory activity. Additionally, an HPLC method was established for simultaneous quantification of the effective components of the extract mixtures, and validated by measuring the linearity, precision and accuracy of the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). Conclusions: ALM16 showed the most effective MMPs inhibitory activity. Calycosin-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside, calycosin and lithospermic acid were identified as useful candidates, as they were the major functional compounds in the MMP inhibitory activity. Summarily, ALM16 might be a highly effective in osteoarthritis management, owing to its because it exhibits a protective effect on cartilage via excellent inhibition of MMPs.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.17-32
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• 2021

Objectives The present study was designed to find out the therapeutic effects and possible underlying mechanism of Buja-tang, a herbal complex formula on experimental monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis. Methods Osteoarthritis models were created via intra-joint injection of MIA (50 μL with 80 mg/mL) in rats. Rats were divided into five groups and each group consisted of seven. Normal group was not injected MIA and did a normal diet. Control group injected MIA and received distilled water. Indo injected MIA and oral administration of 5 mg/kg of indomethacin. BJTL injected MIA and oral administration of 100 mg/kg of Buja-tang. BJTH injected MIA and oral administration of 200 mg/kg of Buja-tang. We analyzed weight-bearing ability of hind paws, oxidative stress related factor, antioxidant protein, inflammatory protein, inflammatory messenger and cytokine in joint tissue. Pathological observation of knee cartilage tissue structures was also performed with hematoxylin & eosin and safranin-O chromosomes. Results Weight-bearing ability of hind paws showed a tendency to reduce pain. The incidence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and p22phox in articular tissue was significantly reduced, and the incidence of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 and superoxide dismutases was significantly increased. The incidence of phosphorylated inhibitor of κBα, nuclear factor-kappa B p65, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β decreased significantly. In pathological observation, cartilage tissue damaged by MIAs in biopsy has significantly recovered from Buja-tang administration. Conclusions Buja-tang has anti-inflammation, antioxidation and pain relief effects. So this is thought to inhibit the progress of osteoarthritis in rat caused by the MIA.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.133-144
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• 2023

Ureteral obstruction can be causes of renal dysfunction and renal injury at late period of kidney pathology. The purpose of this study was to determine the protective effects of Oryeongsan (ORS), Geumgwe-sinkihwan (GSH), and Jwagwieum (JGE) in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). The animal models were divided into five groups randomly at the age of 5 weeks; Control group: SD male rats (n=10), UUO group: SD male rats with UUO surgery (n=10), ORS group: SD male rats with UUO surgery + ORS 200 mg/kg/day (n=10), GSH group: SD male rats with UUO surgery + GSH 200 mg/kg/day (n=10), JGE group: SD male rats with UUO surgery + JGE 200 mg/kg/day (n=10). Treatment with ORS, GSH, and JGE significantly ameliorate creatinine clearance(Ccr). The present results also showed that ORS, GSH, and JGE improved the morphological aspects of renal tissues. These prescriptions also reduced the expression levels of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. In Kidney, UUO increased the expression levels of inflamasome markers such as NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1. However, ORS, GSH, and JGE suppressed these levele. Treatment with these prescriptions reduced kidney inflammation markers such as Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule -1 (KIM-1). Therefore, these findings suggest that ORS, GSH, and JGE has a protective effect on renal injury by alleviating renal inflammation and improving renal function in rats with UUO.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.213-221
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• 2020

Salvianolic acid B (SAB) is an active phytocomponent of a popular Chinese herb called Radix Salvia militiorrhiza with numerous biological properties. The anti-psoriasis activity of SAB was examined by evaluating various psoriasis inflammatory and keratin markers against imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis on BALB/c mice. Totally 50 healthy BALB/c mice were evenly divided into 5 groups including control, drug control (SAB; 40 mg/kg), IMQ-induced psoriasis (5%), IMQ exposure and treated with SAB (40 mg/kg), or standard methotrexate (MTX; 1 mg/kg). Mice supplemented with either SAB or MTX significantly lowered the values of psoriasis area severity index (PASI), erythema, scaling, skin thickness, inflammatory markers (interleukin [IL]-22/23/17A/1β/6) and lipid peroxidation product (malondialdehyde). Also, IMQ exposed BALB/c mice treated with SAB or MTX display lesser histopathological changes with enhanced antioxidant activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase). Moreover, the protein expression of keratin markers (K16 and K17) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling proteins (pAkt/Akt and pPI3K/PI3K) were significantly downregulated after administration with SAB and MTX as compared with IMQ induced mice. Taking together, SAB and MTX significantly ameliorate psoriatic changes by inhibiting psoriatic inflammatory and keratin markers through abolishing PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. However, further studies (clinical trials) are needed to confirm the anti-psoriatic property of SAB before recommending to psoriasis patients.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.91-97
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• 2003

During the preparation of decoction from the mixture of Coptidis Rhizoma and Scutellariae Radix, insoluble copreciptate was formed. The coprecipitated product (COP) was composed of berberine and baicalin which was the active ingredient of Coptidis Rhizoma and Scutellariae Radix, respectively. COP was slightly soluble in water and could not be well absorbed after oral administration. This poor bioavailibility might be associated with its poor aqueous solubility. With the purpose of increasing the solubility and bioavailibility of COP, hydrolysis of COP by ${\beta}-glucuronidase$ was carried out. Hydrolyzed products (HOP) of COP were identified and assayed for active ingredients. The partition coefficient study, in situ absorption test, and pharmacokinetic study after oral administration were also performed. COP was found to be consisted of berberine and baicalin with molecular ratio of 1 to 1. This compound was hydrolyzed to berberine and baicalin by ${\beta}-glucuronidase$. The rate of hydrolysis was higher at higher temperature up to $50^{\circ}C$ and higher concentration of ${\beta}-glucuronidase$ up to 2500 unit under our experimental conditions. Baicalein, which is more liphophilic than baicalin, showed greater absorption in small intestine than baicalin did. The plasma concentrations of berberine and baicalein after oral administration of HOP were significantly higer than those of COP. The possible mechanism of increased bioavailibility of berberine and baicalein could be the hydrolysis of COP by ${\beta}-glucuronidase$. On the basis of the above results, it might be said that HOP should be a suitable preparation for increasing the bioavailibility of Coptidis Rhizoma and Scutellariae Radix.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.1543-1551
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• 2020

Panax ginseng has a wide range of activities including a neuroprotective effect, skin protective effects, enhanced DNA repairing, anti-diabetic activity, and protective effects against vascular inflammation. In the present study, we sought to discover the inhibitory effects of a mixture of natural products containing Panax ginseng, Ziziphus jujube, Rubi fructus, Artemisiae asiaticae and Scutellaria baicalensis (PZRAS) on osteoclastogenesis and bone remodeling, as neither the effects of a mixture containing Panax ginseng extract, nor its molecular mechanism on bone inflammation, have been clarified yet. PZRAS upregulated the levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GSH-R) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, treatment with PZRAS decreased the production of IL-1β and TNF-α. PZRAS also inhibited osteoclast differentiation through inhibiting osteoclastspecific genes like MMP-2, 9, cathepsin K, and TRAP in RANKL-treated RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, PZRAS has inhibitory functions on the RANKL-stimulated activation of ERK and JNK, which lead to a decrease in the expression of NFATc1 and c-Fos. In an in vivo study, bone resorption induced by LPS was recovered by treatment with PZRAS in bone volume per tissue volume (BV/TV) compared to control. Furthermore, the ratio of eroded bone surface of femurs was significantly increased in LPS-treated mice compared to vehicle group, but this ratio was significantly reversed in PZRAS-treated mice. These results suggest that PZRAS could prevent or treat disorders with abnormal bone loss.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.451-456
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• 2003

We investigated the effects of Sabaek-san (SBS) water extract on the growth of human lung carcinoma A549 cells. Upon treatment with SBS extract, a concentration-dependent inhibition of cell viability was observed and cells developed many of the hallmark features of apoptosis. including condensation of chromatin. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed that SBS treatment increased populations of apoptotic-sub G1 phase. In addition. proteolytic cleavages of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and β-catenin protein were observed after treatment of SBS extract. These apoptotic effects of SBS in A549 cells were associated with marked inhibition of Bcl-2 and Bel-xL mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. however the levels of Bax expression were not affected, SBS treatment also induced a proteolytic activation of caspase-3. which is believed to play a central role In the apoptotic signaling pathway. The previous and present results indicated that SBS-induced inhibition of lung cancer cell proliferation is associated with the blockage of G1/S progression and the induction of apoptosis.