• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.177-185
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• 1994

Pharmacologic coronary vasodilation in conjunction with myocardial perfusion scintigraphy has become an alternative to dynamic exercise test for the diagnosis and risk stratification of coronary artery disease, especially in patients who are unable to perform adequate exercise. Dipyridamole and adenosine have been used for pharmacologic stress testing with myocardial perfusion imaging. Adenosine is a potent coronary vasodilator with rapid onset of action, short half-life, near maximal coronary vasodilation and less serious side effects. ST segment depression has been reported in about 7-15% of patients with coronary artery disease receiving dipyridamole in conjunction with myocardial perfusion imaging. The exact cause and clinical significance are not known. In order to evaluate the relationship between adenosine-induced ST segment depression during $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI myocardial perfusion scintigraphy and the severity of coronary artery disease, we performed $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI imaging after intravenous Infusion of adenosine In 120 patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Of the 120 patients, 28 also performed coronary angiography. There were 24 patients with ST segment depression during $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI scintigraphy and 96 patients without ST segment depression. Adenosine was infused Intravenously at a dose of 0.14mg/kg per minute lot 6minutes and $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI was injected at 3 minute. We then com-pared the hemodynamic changes, side effects, scintigraphic and angiographic findings. Heart rate increased $90{\pm}19$ beats/minute in the group with ST depression compared with $80{\pm}16$ beats/minute in the group without ST depression(p<0.05). Baseline systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in the group with ST depression($152{\pm}27$ mmHg) than in the group without 57 depression($140{\pm}21$mmHg, p<0.05). Double product at baseline($10.90{\pm}2.77$ versus $9.55{\pm}2.34\;beats/minute{\times}mmHg$) and during adenosine infusion($12.72{\pm}3.89$ versus $10.83{\pm}2.98\;beats/minute{\times}mmHg$) were significantly higher in the group with ST depression(p<0.05). The incidence of anginal chest pain was also significantly higher in the group with ST depression(ST versus 29%, p<0.0001). The $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI images were abnormal in 23(96%) patients with ST segment depression and 66(69%) patients without ST segment depression(p<0.05). In patients with ST segment depression, there were more reversible perfusion defects than in patients without ST segment depression(83 versus 55%, p<0.05). The number of abnormal segments were significantly higher in the group with ST depression($3.05{\pm}2.01$ versus $1.51{\pm}1.45$, p<0.005). In patients with ST segment depression, there were more segments of reversible perfusion defects than in patients without segment depression($2.15{\pm}2.11$ versus $0.89{\pm}1.24$, p<0.05). There were no differences in the angiographic severity by vessel(p ; NS). We concluded that ST segment depression during $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with Intravenous adenosine is related to the severity of coronary artery disease.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 2011

Purpose: The aim of this study is to identify clinical usefulness of Wide Beam Reconstruction (WBR) which is called Xpress.cardiac$^{TM}$ to confirm the agreement between segmental perfusion and regional wall motion in myocardium compared to conventional OSEM method. Materials and Methods: Subjects were separated two groups. First group was composed of 20 normal control group. Second group was composed of 10 patients (abnormal group) who had coronary artery disease. Subjects underwent myocardial perfusion SPECT ($^{201}Tl$ rest and $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI stress). Image acquisition and reconstruction were that rest stage was each step per 30, 15 seconds and stress stage was each step per 25, 13 seconds, OSEM and WBR methods were applied. Segmental perfusion and regional wall motion were applied 20-segment model of QPS, QGS algorithm in AutoQuant. Status of perfusion was composed of 5 point scoring system (0=normal, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe hypokinesia, 4=dyskinesia). Status of regional wall motion was also composed of 5 point scoring (0=normal, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe hypokinesia, 4=dyskinesia). We evaluated the agreement between conventional OSEM and WBR through automatic quantification value. Results: The agreement of rest segmental perfusion between conventional OSEM and WBR in normal patients was 99% (396/400, k=0.662, p<0.0001) and one of rest regional wall motion was 83.8% (335/400, k=0.283), the agreement of stress segmental perfusion was 95.8%(383/400, k=0.656), one of stress regional wall motion was 87.3% (349/400, k=0.390). The match rate of rest segmental perfusion in abnormal patients was 83% (166/200, k=0.605, p<0.0001) and one of rest regional wall motion was 55.5% (111/200, k=0.385), the agreement of stress segmental perfusion was 79.5% (159/200, k=0.682), one of stress regional wall motion was 63.5% (127/200, k=0.486). Conclusion: Compared to conventional OSEM, WBR method had a good agreement of segmental perfusion in myocardium in normal and abnormal groups. However regional wall motion showed meaningful low agreement. Although WBR offers high resolution and contrast ratio, it is not useful method for gated myocardial perfusion SPECT.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.285-292
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• 2013

This study was carried out to validate the safety of ametoctradin residues in agricultural commodities by developing an official analysis method. An analytical method was developed and validated using HPLC-PDA detectors. The samples were extracted with methanol, subsequently partitioned with dichloromethane and purified with florisil column chromatograph using acetone/hexane (30/70, v/v) as solvent. The method was validated by using grape, hulled rice, mandarin, and potato spiked with ametoctradin at 0.05 and 5.0 mg/kg, and pepper at 0.05 and 2.0 mg/kg. Average recoveries were 76-114.8% with relative standard deviation less than 10%, and the limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.0125 and 0.05 mg/kg, respectively. The result of recoveries and overall coefficient of variation of the laboratory results from Gwangju regional Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Daejeon regional FDA was accorded with Codex Alimentarius Commission Guideline (CAC/GL 40). Based on these results, this method was found to be appropriate for ametoctradin residue determination and can be used as the official method of analysis.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.666-676
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• 2013

The study was carried out to examine the initial point of dormancy, breaking time of internal dormancy, and to find out the accumulated hours of low temperature (under $7.2^{\circ}C$ from $0.0^{\circ}C$ to $7.2^{\circ}C$) for bud-breaking. Over-all, the chilling requirement for breaking of internal dormancy in the commercial apple cultivars ('Fuji' and 'Tsugaru') and apple cultivars bred in Korea ('Hongro', 'Sunhong', 'Honggeum', 'Hongan', 'Hongso', 'Gamhong', 'Summer dream') at the Gunwi region for 4 years (from 2009 to 2012) was investigated. Also, the breaking time of internal dormancy in the field at the Gunwi region and the breaking time of dormancy if air temperature of Gunwi region rises $4^{\circ}C$ higher than the current one were investigated using the same data. The initial point of dormancy was set at the time when the lateral bud breaking did not occurred (when heading back cutting was done in the middle of terminal shoots). The occurrence of the breaking of internal dormancy was decided if the breaking of the terminal bud of bourse shoot occurred within 15 days or not in growth chamber. About 100 bourse shoots were collected by cultivar classification in early December every year and were stored at $5.0^{\circ}C$, and they were placed in growth chamber at one week interval. The chilling requirement of cultivars was expressed in accumulated hours in the field and in the growth chamber under $7.2^{\circ}C$ and $0.0-7.2^{\circ}C$ from the initial point of dormancy to the breaking time of internal dormancy. The results showed that the initial point of dormancy in selected cultivars could occur at the end of September. The breaking time of internal dormancy could occur from the end of January to the early of February. The accumulated hours under $7.2^{\circ}C$ for breaking of internal dormancy were 1,600-2,000 hours, while those of $0.0-7.2^{\circ}C$ were 1,300-1,800 hours. In comparing the different apple cultivars, the chilling requirement of the early flowering cultivars seemed lower than that of the late-flowering cultivars. Based on these results, if the air temperature of Gunwi region rises about $4.0^{\circ}C$ higher than the current one, the breaking time of internal dormancy will be delayed by 2-4 weeks.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.4 s.84
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• pp.462-469
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• 2007

In this study, we isolated, characterized, and compared the vasa homologous genes of diploid and triploid Paragonimus westermani and localized VASA homologous proteins in both lung fluke types. Open reading frames of Pw-vasa-2n and Pw-vasa-3n were of 1812 bp, and encoded deduced proteins of 622 amino acids with calculated molecular weights of 69.0 kDa and 68.9 kDa and pI's of 9.11 and 9.03, respectively. A comparison of these two VASA deduced protein sequences showed that only 6 of the 622 amino acids differed. The deduced sequences of Pw-VASA-2n and Pw-VASA-3n contained eight consensus sequences characteristic of the DEAD-box protein family and their N-terminal regions contained four arginine-glycine-glycine (RGG) motifs. These two lung fluke VASA-like proteins were more similar to those of other VASA proteins than to those of other DEAD-family proteins isolated from several organisms (planarian, zebra fish, mouse, and human). vasa homologous gene transcription and VASA protein expressions in triploid type lung flukes was slightly stronger than in the diploid type. Immunostaining showed that testes and a portion of the ovaries of both diploid and triploid lung flukes reacted strongly to anti-Pw-VASA antibody.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.197-227
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• 2005

Heojun was the top scientist on Medicine in the 16th and 17th centuries and wrote the Dongeubogam describing the top-level medical theory and technology. So far, his outlook on nature has been disregarded even though his medicine is still effective. Through this study, I would like to know if his outlook on nature as well as his medicine is still effective. The conclusions are as follows: 1. According to his output, the origin of the universe started from the spinning of One Gi(一氣) which is quite different from Hawking's theory. Hawking assumed that the origin of the universe started from the Big-bang and will end to the Big-crunch. However, the current report on the origin of a star is quite similar to Heojun's theory and we acknowledge that his view on the origin of the universe is still effective. 2. According to his output, the universe repeats expanding and contracting forever while Hawking assumed it will come to the end, the Big-crunch, based on the expanding universe theory. Some scientists assists that Hawking's assumption should have some contradictions. Now, we acknowledge that Heojun's universal cycling theory which corresponds with modern physical theories is still effective, which would lead to a new environmental movement. 3. His view on the structure of the universe is quite different from the output of the current science, which results from his thought that the nature should be reviewed from the point of human's view. His view on the structure will be able to be updated based on the output of the current science. 4. The universe analogy started from the East Asian area as well as the Greek and Roman area in the ancient. The idea has disappeared since the scientific revolution era in the West while the idea has been deepened and abundant in the East and has become one of the major philosophical bases. Heojun emphasized its importance from the beginning of his book. 5. The nation analogy has been popular all times and places. According to his output, governing a country is like controlling one's body. 6. According to Needham's output, the universe analogy and the nation analogy were based on the ancient developed alchemy. And Harper assumed that Taiosm was based on the macrobiotic hygiene which was developed by the ancient developed alchemists. We acknowledge that xian(仙) cult, macrobiotic hygiene, medicine, alchemy and the ancient philosophy started from our ancients. Heojun's output restored our ancient tradition by combining the macrobiotic hygiene and philosophy with medicine. 7. Roughly predicting yearly weather would be unacceptable by the current scientist but Heojun's yearly weather forecast is still used in the clinic and seems effective to prepare from any epidemic disease. 8. 'Day and Night' and Four seasons are the most important factors to the macrobiotic hygiene according to the Dongeubogam. The new environmental movements should be based on the most important factors, otherwise the human beings as well as the environment would fail to survive. 9. Wind, Coldness, Heat, Humidity, Dryness and Fire represents weather. The six weather factors represent one of six phases of a year which is decided by the areal factors. Heojun preferred the six factors generated in the body itself to them from the outside. He thought a human being was a universe and the six factors generated in the body responded to the factors of the outside. 10. According to his output, Heat and Humidity are the most important factors which make a human being ill. 11. Life span, disease, food, and dwelling are dependent upon the geographical feature, according to Heojun's output. In addition, one's appearance and his five viscera and the six entrails depend on the food as well as the geographical feature. 12. Heath is related with the environment and they effects upon each other. If one is weak, he will be deeply effected by the nature. On the other hand, if one is strong, he will effect on the nature. That's why people live together. 13. According to Heojun's work, the society is an important factor comprising the environment. During a peaceful era, the society becomes stable and human beings are stable as well while they will be on fire during a chaotic era. 14. Medicine deals with human beings who live in the nature, so any medical book cannot be excellent unless it has any description on the nature. Heojun's outlook on the nature turned out to be logical and suitable even from the point of the current view and it is still effective as if his clinical knowledge and technology are still effective. Something unsuitable may be substituted with the output of the current science.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2008

This study was performed to improve the pregnancy rates of recipients following transfer of bovine embryos produced in vivo. Superovulation response didn't showe significant differences between each season (4.18 in spring; 4.36 in summer; 5.50 in fall; 4.38 in winter). Pregnancy rate was significantly different (p<0.05) between fresh (43.4%) and frozen embryos (17.2%). In administration of hCG to recipients, the pregnancy rate of fresh embryos (45.7%) was slightly higher than that of control (35.3%), but the pregnancy rates of frozen embryos in control group (25.0%) was higher than that of hCG group (16.0%). When synchrony of recipient and embryo was -2, -1, 0 and 1, the pregnancy rates were 20.0, 45.0, 30.3 and 26.3%, respectively. The pregnancy rates of recipients synchronized by naturally or $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$, CIDR/$PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ and E/P/CIDR/$PGF_{2{\alpha}}$/E treatments were 35.3, 48.0, 29.0 and 40.0%, respectively. Gestation lengths and birth weights of female and male calf were 288 and 290.5 days, 28.3 and 30.0 kg, respectively. The results were showed that the superovulation response was not affected by seasons, and also pregnancy rate didn't increase by administration of hCG, synchrony of embryo and recipients, synchrony methods. Further study and concern should be focused on improving the embryo freezing and pregnancy rate for commercial embryo transfer.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.8-21
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• 2011

This study surveyed historical records on outbreak and features of forest fires during Chosun Dynasty's 518 years in being and analyzed the Annals of the Chosun Dynasty; The Diaries of the Royal Secretariat, archives from Records of the Border Defense Council, The Compilation of Ministry Proposals, Posthumous Records of King Cholchong etc. Forest fires were most prevalent and extreme during King Hyunjong (14 cases) and King Sunjo (13 cases) due to strong wind, and the biggest-ever forest fire broke out in the fourth year of King Soonjo (1804) in the east coast of Korea in Kangwon province. The fire had resulted in 61 fatalities and 2,600 destroyed houses. Forest fire in the east coast of Korea, Kangwon province, in the $13^{th}$ year of King Hyeonjong (1672) is recorded to have caused the highest number of deaths, 65people. The most frequent cause of forest fires during Chosun Dynasty was unidentified (42 cases), followed by accidental fire (10 cases), arson or lightning (3 cases), fire during hunting (2 cases), play with fire by children, destruction of patty fields and dry fields by fire and house fire (1 case respectively). By region, 56 % of forest fires erupted in the east coast (39 cases) and this was followed by the west sea (9 cases), Seoul and central region (8 cases) and the southern part of Korea (7 cases). By season, spring was found to be most vulnerable to forest fire as it accounted for 73 % of the total amounting to 46 cases. Behind were summer (11 cases), winter (6 cases) and autumn (0 case). Specifically, most forest fire broke out on April and May, which is the same as today. Archives and literature indicate that the person who involved in forest fire by accidental as well as arson had to be punished by banishment, expulsion from government office and public hanging. Also, officials in charge of the region that suffered forest fire were subject to reprimand. In conclusion, risk and gravity of forest fires were evident during the Chosun Dynasty as specified in historical archives and share many similarities with today's forest fires in terms of the duration and regional patterns.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.30-37
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• 2003

Purpose : $Henoch-Sch\"{o}nlein$ purpura(HSP) is usually a self-limited disease with a good eventual outcome. The prognosis of HSP is mainly determined by the renal involvement. In this study, We evaluated children with biopsy-proven $Henoch-Sch\"{o}nlein$ purpura nephritis about the clinical outcome correlated with renal manifestation and morphologic findings. Methods : The clinical features, initial laboratory and pathologic findings, and clinical out-come were evaluated in 60 children with biopsy-proven $Henoch-Sch\"{o}nlein$ purpura nephritis at Yonsei University Severance Hospital during the period from Jan. 1990 to Dec. 2002. Results : The ratio of male to female patients was 1.2:1. The interval between the onset of $Henoch-Sch\"{o}nlein$ purpura and renal manifestation was less than 3 months in 81% of the patients. Initial renal manifestation was microscopic hematuria in 100% of patients, isolated hematuria in 15%, acute nephritic syndrome in 7%, nephrotic syndrome In 22% of patients. Renal manifestation correlated with clinical outcome. Grade II and III were the most common in histologic grades of ISKDC. Renal pathologic finding correlated with clinical outcome. Conclusion : Renal manifestation and pathologic findings correlated with the clinical out-come. It is necessary to evaluate the correlation between pathologic findings and treatment.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.328-333
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• 2005

Ammonia volatilization is the major form of nitrogen (N) loss from flooded paddy soils and causes low N use efficiency. The effects of controlled release fertilizer (latex coated urea complex fertilizer, LCU) on reducing N loss by ammonia volatilization was measured comparing with urea in rice culture system of direct seeding on dry soil. In the treatment of urea, $NH_4-N$ concentration in surface water after flooding increased rapidly up to $8-10mg\;L^{-1}$ as affected by topdressing, while in the LCU treatment $NH_4-N$ concentration in surface water was less than $1mg\;L^{-1}$ during rice growing season. Relation of $NH_4-N$ concentration in surface water and ammonia volatilization was significant in urea treatment. The amount of ammonia volatilized from rice paddy of LCU treatment was $2.4-3.0kg\;ha^{-1}$ and the rate of ammonia volatilization from N fertilizer applied was only 2.0-2.3% compared with 5.9-7.9% in urea treatment. Therefore, N loss by ammonia volatilization could be reduced by 72-76% with by LCU compared with urea in rice culture system of direct seeding on dry soil.