• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.169-178
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• 2008

Objectives : Inflammation is important event in the development of vascular diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and restenosis. Injinho-tang(IJHT) has been used as a traditional Korean herbal medicine since ancient times, and today it is widely used as a medication for jaundice associated with inflammation of the liver. The aim of this study was to determine whether IJHT and its components inhibit production of nitrite, an index of NO, and proinflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Methods : Cytotoxic activity of IJHT and its components on RAW 264.7 cells was using 5-(3-caroboxymeth-oxyphenyl)-2H-tetra-zolium inner salt (MTS) assay. The nitric oxide (NO) production was measured by Griess reagent system. And proinflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA kit. The levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression were detected by western blot. Results : IJHT and its components significantly inhibited the LPS-induced NO production and iNOS expression accompanied by an attenuation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-6 (1L-6), IL-$1{\beta}$ and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) formation in macrophages. Conclusions : IJHT and its components inhibit LPS-induced inflammation via decreasing cytokines production. These results indicate that IJHT and its components have potential as an anti-inflammation and anti-artherosclerosis agent.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.157-163
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• 2013

Cultured products (callus and exopolysaccharide) were obtained from suspension culture of Aloe vera callus, and the extracts of callus were further prepared with cold water or 60% ethanol solution. The ethanol extract of callus (AC) and exopolysaccharide (ACP) of 10 mg/mL exhibited the relatively higher suppression activity of 43.2-52.1% against hyaluronidase activity. Thus, their anti-inflammatory effects were further investigated using animal cell (Raw 264.7) in vitro. Though AC shows a slight suppression effect of cell survival rate (97%) using MTT assay in the presence of $400{\mu}g/mL$ AC- dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), cell growth promotion was observed in the other samples of lower levels. It indicates that the ethanol extract of Aloe callus rarely affect cell survival rate in the ranges ($200-400{\mu}g/mL$) used in the study. Using Griess reagent, the suppression of NO production by the aloe callus extract was analyzed by measuring the amount of the nitrite produced in Raw 264.7 culture activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). As a result, supplementation of AC-distilled water (DW) and AC-DMSO produced higher levels of NO than the positive control LPS. However, the NO suppression effect by ACP-DW was so intense that lower amount ($80-100{\mu}g/mL$) suppressed NO production to the level of the control. The effect was attributed to the expression of the iNOS. Then, Raw 264.7 cells were stimulated with the LPS and expression of COX-2 protein level was analyzed depending on the Aloe suspension culture product treatment. The results showed that the ACP-DW supplemented medium did not express COX-2 by itself, and LPS stimulated COX-2 expression was slightly decreased. On the other hand, realtime-PCR analysis of the expression of inflammatory cytokine showed that IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ expression was highly suppressed in the ACP- distilled water supplemented medium.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.70-80
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of red ginseng-derived non-saponin fraction (NSF) on inflammatory responses and monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation in RAW264.7 and THP-1. NSF effectively inhibited inflammatory responses by downregulating nitric oxide (NO) production and protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). NSF ($2000{\mu}g/mL$) decreased the levels of NO, iNOS, and COX-2 by 33, 83, and 64%, respectively. NSF inhibited the differentiation of monocyte-to-macrophage by decreasing cell adherence along with downregulation of the cluster of differentiation molecule $11{\beta}$ ($CD11{\beta}$) and CD36. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), were significantly reduced with NSF treatment. The NSF-mediated inhibition of inflammatory responses was due to the regulation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells ($NF-{\kappa}B$) and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). NSF effectively suppressed the translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ into the nucleus, while nuclear Nrf2 and its target protein, heme oxygenase-1, levels were significantly increased.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.185-200
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• 2005

Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate the asthma-suppressive and immune-regulatory effect of AHCR-HA(ASARI HERBA CUM RADICE Herbal-acupuncture) at Pyesu(BLl3) on OVA(ovalbumin)-induced asthma in mice. Methods : C57BL/6 mice out of all the experimental groups, except the Normal group and the AHCR-HA group, were sensitized and challenged with OVA The mice in the AHCR-HA group and the OVA-AHCR-HA group were treated with AHCR-HA(1%) at Pyesu(BL13). The mice in the OVA-Saline group were injected with saline at Pyesu(BL13). The mice in the OVA-Needle-Prick group were treated with a single prick with an injection needle at Pyesu(BL13). AHCR-HA saline injection and needle prick were administered for 8 weeks, three times a week. Result : 1. The populations of granulocytes, CD3e-/CCR3+ cells, CD69+/CD3e+ cells, CD4+ cells and CD23+/B220+ cells in the OVA-induced asthmatic mouse lungs decreased significantly by AHCR-HA. 2. The lung weight, total cells in lung, total leukocytes in BALF, eosinophils in BALF, collagen accumulation in the lung sections of the OVA-AHCR-HA group decreased significantly. 3.The concentrations of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IgE in BALF and serum of the OVA-AHCR-HA group decreased significantly. 4. The numbers of Gr-1+/CD11b+, CCR3+, CD3e+, CD19+, CD3e+/CD69+cells in the OVA-AHCR-HA group decreased significantly. 5. The mRAN expressions of $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-5, IL-4 and IL-13 in lung of the OVA-AHCR-HA group decreased significantly. 6. The AHCR-HA group didn't show any considerable difference from the Normal group. The OVA-saline group and the OVA-Needle prick group showed suppressive effects on OVA-induced asthma however they were not statistically significant. Conclusion : These results suggest that AHCR-HA at Pyesu(BL13) is considered to be effective in treating asthma and to be put to practical use in the future asthma clinic.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.1564-1570
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• 2016

The present study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan on macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and T cell-mediated factors. Effect of high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan on cytotoxicity in macrophages was investigated. Using macrophages, cytotoxicity of high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan was evaluated by MTT assay. We treated high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan at concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 150, 200, and $250{\mu}g/mL$ in macrophages. High-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan did not affect macrophage viability. Phagocytic activity was assessed using zymosan. Activity of high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan on macrophages significantly increased as compared with zymosan. We treated high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan to murine NK cells co-incubated with YAC-1 cells. High-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan resulted in significantly increased activity of NK cells as compared with the control. In addition, treatment of macrophages with high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan resulted in significantly increased activity of T cell-mediated cytokine (IL-2, IL-12, $IFN-{\gamma}$, and $TNF-{\alpha}$) levels and CD4+/CD8+ T cells as compared with the control. In conclusion, high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan could enhance the immune response through activation of macrophages, NK cells, and T cell-mediated factors.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.587-599
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• 2017

The immune response against Trichinella spiralis at the intestinal level depends on the $CD4^+$ T cells, which can both suppress or promote the inflammatory response through the synthesis of diverse cytokines. During the intestinal phase, the immune response is mixed (Th1/Th2) with the initial predominance of the Th1 response and the subsequent domination of Th2 response, which favor the development of intestinal pathology. In this context, the glucocorticoids (GC) are the pharmacotherapy for the intestinal inflammatory response in trichinellosis. However, its therapeutic use is limited, since studies have shown that treatment with GC suppresses the host immune system, favoring T. spiralis infection. In the search for novel pharmacological strategies that inhibit the Th1 immune response (proinflammatory) and assist the host against T. spiralis infection, recent studies showed that resiniferatoxin (RTX) had anti-inflammatory activity, which decreased the serum levels of IL-12, $INF-{\gamma}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, NO, and $PGE_2$, as well the number of eosinophils in the blood, associated with decreased intestinal pathology and muscle parasite burden. These researches demonstrate that RTX is capable to inhibit the production of Th1 cytokines, contributing to the defense against T. spiralis infection, which places it as a new potential drug modulator of the immune response.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2011

Although various derivatives of caffeic acid have been reported to possess a wide variety of biological activities such as protection of neuronal cells against excitotoxicity, the biological activity of 1-docosanoyl cafferate (DC) has not been examined. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of DC, isolated from the stem bark of Rhus verniciflua, on lipopoly-saccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Pretreatment of cells with DC significantly attenuated LPS-induced NO production, and mRNA and protein expression of iNOS in a concentration-dependent manner. DC also significantly suppressed LPS-induced release of cytokines such as TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$. Consistent with the decrease in cytokine release, DC dose-dependently and significantly attenuated LPS-induced mRNA expression of these cytokines. Furthermore, DC significantly suppressed LPS-induced degradation of IKB, which retains NF-kB in the cytoplasm. Therefore, nuclear translocation of NF-kB induced by LPS stimulation was significantly suppressed with DC pretreatment. Taken together, the present study suggests that DC exerts its anti-inflammatory activity through the suppression of NF-kB translocation to the nucleus.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.465-474
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to determine the raising anticancer effects of resveratrol (Res) on paclitaxel (PA) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line A549. The $10{\mu}g/ml$ of Res had no effect on human fetal lung fibroblast MRC-5 cells or on A549 cancer cells and the 5 or $10{\mu}g/ml$ of PA also had no effect on MRC-5 normal cells. PA-L ($5{\mu}g/ml$) and PA-H ($10{\mu}g/ml$) had the growth inhibitory effects in NSCLC cell line A549, and Res increased these growth inhibitory effects. By flow cytometry experiment, after Res ($5{\mu}g/ml$)+PA-H ($10{\mu}g/ml$) treatment, the A549 cells showed the most apoptosic cells compared to other group treatments, and after additional treatment with Res, the apoptosic cells of both two PA concentrations were raised. Res+PA could reduce the mRNA and protein expressions of COX-2, and Res+PA could reduce the COX-2 related genes of VEGF, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, $NF-{\kappa}B$, Bcl-2, BclxL, procollagen I, collagen I, collagen III and CTGF, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, iNOS and raise the TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3, $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$, p53, p21, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, Bax genes compared to the control cells and the PA treated cells. From these results, it can be suggested that Res could raise the anticancer effects of PA in A549 cells, thus Res might be used as a good sensitizing agent for PA.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.141-147
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• 2018

Red ginseng marc is a by-product of Korean red ginseng (panax ginseng CA Meyer) and contains ginsenoside which has pharmacological effects. The Korean red ginseng marc was fermented with Bacillus subtilis (RGMB). This study was carried out to investigate the RGMB effect on swine immunity. The variation of ginsenoside depending on the RGMB fermentation time was analyzed. Swine (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) were divided into control group (basic diet) and RGMB group (RGMB 1% diet). One percent RGMB was fed to the RGMB group for 28 days. The biochemical parameters, cytokine and immunoglobulin were analyzed. For 48 hours of fermentation on RGMB, ginsenoside Rb1 had increased 180.94%, Rg3 235.85%. Rg1 wasn't detected before fermentation, but was detected after 48 hours of fermentation. The RGMB had effect of deceasing initial AST concentration $79.33{\pm}12.85U/L$ to $54.00{\pm}14.46U/L$ in final and was significantly lower (P<0.05) than control in final. In final RGMB had significantly lower (P<0.05) ALT concentration of $48.57{\pm}8.26U/L$ comparing with control group of $65.43{\pm}10.31U/L$. RGMB had the effect of significantly decreasing (P<0.05) $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ concentration of $2.44{\pm}1.31ng/mL$, $0.71{\pm}0.36ng/mL$ and $0.51{\pm}0.21ng/mL$. The IgA concentration had significantly increased (P<0.05) in RGMB group of $0.56{\pm}0.06mg/mL$ in final. These results demonstrate that RGMB has effect of increasing immunity and practicable to use as feed additives on swine.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2014

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of nanopowdered peanut sprout-added Caciocavallo cheese (NPCC) on the prevention and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in DBA/IJ mice immunized with type II collagen. After the induction of arthritis, the mice were being divided into five groups: (1) normal, no immunization; (2) CIA, collagen-induced arthritis; (3) MTX, collagen-induced arthritis treated with methotrexate (0.3 mg/kg body weight); (4) CC, collagen-induced arthritis treated with Caciocavallo cheese (0.6 g/d); (5) NPCC, collagen-induced arthritis treated with nanopowdered peanut sprout-added Caciocavallo cheese (0.6 g/d). Nanopowdered peanut sprout was ranged from 300 to 350 nm, while regular powdered peanut sprouts were ranged from 50 to $150{\mu}m$. The NPCC group had considerable reductions of clinical scores and paw thicknesses at the end of experiment as compared to the CIA group. In the serum analysis, the TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $IgG_1$ levels in the NPCC group have decreased by 69.4, 75.9, 66.6, and 61.9%, respectively, when compared to the CIA group. The histological score and spleen index of the NPCC group were significantly lower than the CIA group. In conclusion, the feeding NPCC method could delay and/or prevent the rheumatoid arthritis in the collagen-induced arthritis mouse model. Based on this study, nanopowdered peanut sprouts could be applied to various functional cheeses.