• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2001

In macrophages, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone or in combination with $interferon-{\gamma}\;(IFN-{\gamma})$ has been shown to release a nitric oxide (NO) through the increase of the transcription of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene. To investigate the exact intracellular signaling pathway of the regulation of iNOS gene transcription by LPS plus $IFN-{\gamma},$ the effects of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors on NO production, iNOS mRNA expression, nuclear $factor-_{\kappa}B\;(NF-_{\kappa}B)$ binding activity and the promoter activity of iNOS gene containing two $NF-_{\kappa}B$ sites have been examined in a mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. LPS or $IFN-{\gamma}$ stimulated NO production, and their effect was enhanced synergistically by mixture of LPS and $IFN-{\gamma}.$ The PTK inhibitor such as tyrphostin reduced LPS plus $IFN-{\gamma}-induced$ NO production, iNOS mRNA expression and $NF-_{\kappa}B$ binding activity. In contrast, PKC inhibitors such as H-7, Ro-318220 and staurosporine did not show any effect on them. In addition, transfection of RAW 264.7 cells with iNOS promoter linked to a CAT reporter gene revealed that tyrphostin inhibited the iNOS promoter activity through the $NF-_{\kappa}B$ binding site, whereas PKC inhibitors did not. Taken together, these suggest that PTK, but not PKC pathway, is involved in the regulation of the iNOS gene transcription through the $NF-_{\kappa}B$ sites of iNOS promoter in RAW 264.7 macrophages by LPS plus $IFN-{\gamma}$.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.255-259
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• 2014

Physical activity could be considered one of the factors that affect the immune system status and function. To find the relation between exercise and cytokines, we examined the possible effects of an 8-week endurance training program on the serum levels of cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interferon-gamma (IFN-${\gamma}$) in sedentary men. A total of 30 healthy young male volunteers were randomly divided into an endurance training group and a control group. The training group followed a specific exercise protocol (running on a treadmill for 15~30 min at 50~70% maximal heart rate) for 8 weeks and the control group did not participate in any exercise program. Venous blood samples were collected from both the groups 24 h before and 24 h and 48 h after the exercise. Repeated ANOVA was used for statistical purposes. The serum levels of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IFN-${\gamma}$ were determined by ELISA. Significant (p<0.05) and non-significant (p>0.05) decreases were observed in the serum levels of IFN-${\gamma}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$, respectively, after the 8-week endurance training program. Our findings indicated that an 8-week endurance exercise may affect the serum levels of some inflammatory cytokines, suggesting the beneficial role of this training protocol in elderly population and people with certain conditions (inflammation of the vertebrae or other inflammatory diseases).

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.659-667
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• 1995

파골세포는 조혈기관 단핵의 세포로부터 생성되어 골 홉수에 중요한 역할올 담당하며, 지질다당류는 그람음성균의 세포벽을 이루는 성분으로서 치주질환시 치조골 홉수에 관여한다고 알려져 왔다. 활성화된 림프구, 대식세포와 단핵세포로부터 생성되는 당단백질인 인터페론 감마는 파골세포에 의한 골홉수를 억제한다고 밝혀졌다. 이 연구 논문의 목적은 지질다당류와 인터페론 감마가 닭 골수의 미분화세포가 파골양세포로 전환되는데 어떠한 영향올 주는지를 알아보기 위함이다. 16${\sim}$18 일째의 닭의 배 (chick embryo) 에서 경골을 분리하고 횡절개하여 혈청없는 M-199 배양액에 보관했다. 이것을 9${\mu}m$ filter로 여과시켜서 이미 분화된 파골세포와 기타 다른 분화 세포를 분리했다. 여기에서 파골세포의 전구세포를 얻어 LPS와 IFN-${\gamma}$를 단독 또는 복합처리 하고나서 4일 후에 tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) Stain을 시행하고 TRAP 양성이며 핵이 세개 이상인 다핵의 세포형성을 관찰하여 세포를 계수하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 닭에서 분리해낸 미분화세포에 0.1. 0.5. 1.0 ${\mu}/ml$ 의 LPS 농도를 처리하고 1 주일간 배양한 결과. 0.1 ${\mu}/ml$ 의 농도에서는 대조군에 비해 TRAP 양성인 파골양세포가 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 반면에 LPS는 0.5 와 1.0 ${\mu}/ml$ 의 농도에서 세포독성을 보였다.(P<0.05) 2. IFN-${\gamma}$는 50. 500U/ml 의 농도에서 대조군에 비해 TRAP 양성인 파골양세포의 수가 감소하는 경향올 보였다 .3. INF-${\gamma}$는 LPS 에의해 유도된 TRAP 양성인 파골양세포의 형성을 감소시켰고 특히 . 250.500U/ml 의 농도에서 유의 성 있는 감소를 보였다. 위의 결과로부터 LPS는 닭의 골수세포로부터 파골양세포의 형성을 증가시키며 IFN-${\gamma}$는 LPS에의해 유도된 파골양세포수를 감소시킨다는 결론을 얻었다.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2018

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a wide-spread zoonotic disease in cattle, which is casued by Mycobacterium bovis that is a part of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). This study describes a field trial conducted in 42 herds with the history of prevalence bovine tuberculosis. Two cell-mediated immunity tests, the gamma-interferon (${\gamma}-IFN$) assay and the single intradermal tuberculin test (SIT) were applied for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in 5,289 animals. The ${\gamma}-IFN$ assay presented 144 (2.7%) head of cattle with the positive result, and 112 (2.1%) head of cattle were shown to be bTB-positive by the SIT. The positive concordance was 45.5%, and the negative concordance was 98.2%. The ${\gamma}-IFN$ assay showed more positive results in younger cattle, especially between 12 and 23 months of age. It is shown that the strategic combination of both cell-mediated immunity test methods is more efficient for the detection of bTB to reduce the number of false positive individuals which are being slaughtered.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.324-328
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• 2007

To search for immunoactive natural products exerting anti-inflammatory activity, we have evaluated the effects of the ethanol extracts of Rubus coreanus Miq. (ERC) on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}\;(TNF-{\alpha})$, and $Interferon-{\gamma}\;(IFN-{\gamma})$ production by RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. Our data indicate that this extract is a potent inhibitor of NO production and it also significantly decreased $IFN-{\gamma}\;and\;TNF-{\alpha}$ production. Consistent with these results, the protein level of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was inhibited by ethanol extracts of ERC in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that ERC may exert anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects possibly by suppressing the inducible NO synthase and COX-2 expressions.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.113-118
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• 2002

Falun Gong (FG) is an advanced system of cultivation and practice, which is beneficial for both mind and body. In this study we investigated the effects of FG on the production of cytokines in FG practitioner (FGP). To study whether plasma cytokines levels were affected by FG, their levels were analyzed. The amount of $interferon-{\gamma}$ $(IFN-{\gamma})$, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4 and IL-6 (2.5-fold for $IFN-{\gamma}$, 1.2-fold for IL-2, 2.1-fold for IL-4 and 2.5-fold for IL-6, respectively) were significantly higher in the FGP group than normal group (P<0.05). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from normal healthy control and FGP were cultured for 24 h in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide. The amount of $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-6 in culture supernatant was quantified. However, there were no significant differences in the level of the same cytokines between the normal and FGP group. These data suggest that FG cultivation may contribute to immune-enhancement in vivo.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.143-152
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• 1999

Dansam, the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge, (Labiatae), has a bitter taste and a slightly 'cold' property, and is nontoxic. In the present study, effect of Dansam on nitric oxide (NO) generation from peritoneal macrophags was examined. Dansam had no effect on NO generation by itself, whereas recombinant interferon-${\gamma}\;(rIFN-{\gamma})$ alone had modest activity. When Dansam was used in combination with $rIFN-{\gamma}$, there was a marked cooperative induction of NO generation in a dose-dependent manner, The optimal effect of Dansam on NO generation was shown at 6 hr after treatment with $rIFN-{\gamma}$. Furthermore, the effect of Dansam was mainly dependent on Dansam-induced tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}\;(TNF-{\alpha})$ secretion. These results suggest that Dansam induces NO generation from macrophages by the result of Dansam-induced $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2010

Acanthopanax koreanum Nakai (Araliaceae) is a medicinal plant indigenous to Korea. The root and stem barks of Acanthopanax species have been used as a tonic and sedative as well as in the treatment of rheumatism and diabetes. In our study, three lignans, eleutheroside E (EE), tortoside A (TA), and syringaresinol (SY), were isolated from the stem and root of A. koreanum in an effort to study the immunomodulating effect. We treated natural killer cells and dendritic cells with lignans (EE, TA, or SY), and analyzed their cytokine (IL-12 and IFN-${\gamma}$) secretion. EE, TA, or SY markedly enhanced IL-12 secretion in mouse lymphoid (DC1) and myeloid type (DC2.4) dendritic cells after 48 hr of treatment. There were no significant differences in the cytokine stimulatory effects between EE, TA, or SY. Moreover, treatment of EE, TA, or SY significantly induced IFN-${\gamma}$ secretion by human NK cells (NK92MI) confirmed by ELISA assay. This study suggests that lignans from A. koreanum modulate cytokines, and that such modulation may provide the mechanism of action for many of their therapeutic effects.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.10 no.2 s.23
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• pp.31-40
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• 2007

Objective : The aim is to examine the effect of Soyeum Pharmacopuncture (SPP) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1OlaHsd mice. Methods : To determine the effect of SPP on chronic IFNlammatory joint disease, we induced CIA in DBA/1OlaHsd mice by immunization with bovine type II collagen. Animals were treated with intraperitoneal injection doses of 2 mg/kg of SPP, beginning 3 days before the expected onset of disease symptoms. Inhibitory Effects of SPP were observed by serum levels of TNF-${\alpha}$, and IFN-${\gamma}$,,, or cell proliferation in the spleen cell culture and histological examination of knee joint. Results : In the CIA Mice, serum levels of TNF-${\alpha}$, and IFN-${\gamma}$,, production in the spleen cell culture were reduced. At the histopathological examination of knee joint, chondropathy of cartilage in the synovial joint in the SP group was repaired while compared with control group. Conclusion : These results suggest that the SPP may be effective for the prevention and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis disease.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.230-235
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• 2003

Purpose : Lower respiratory tract infections in infant and young children are often due to a virus, especially the Respiratory syncytial(RS) virus. Chest X-ray findings in bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia are different. The radiographic hallmark of bronchiolitis is pulmonary hyperinflation and similar to that of bronchial asthma. Bronchiolitis is predisposed to later development of bronchial asthma. To evaluate the difference of immuno-pathophysiology between bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia, we measured $IFN-{\gamma}$(Th1 cytokine), IL-5(Th2 cytokine) and ECP. We also investigated whether X-ray findings in infants with viral infected respiratory disease are useful in predicting the development of asthma. Methods : We measured IL-5, ECP, $IFN-{\gamma}$ levels in serum from 21 infants with bronchiolitis and 21 infants with bronchopneumonia and 16 infants without pulmonary viral diseases. Results : IL-5 levels of bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia were significantly higher than those of the control(P=0.02, P=0.042). IL-5 levels of bronchiolitis were higher than those of bronchopneumonia but there was no significant difference. $IFN-{\gamma}$ levels of bronchopneumonia were higher than those of bronchiolitis but there was no significant difference. ECP levels of bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia were higher than those of the control but only those of bronchiolitis were significantly higher than those of the control(P=0.045). IL-5 and ECP levels did not show any significant correlation in bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia and control groups. Conclusion : We cannot prove the distinct differences in serum Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles between bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia in infants. These results suggest that the different findings on chest X-ray between bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia could not be a predictor of later development of asthma.