• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.343-359
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• 1989

To study the effects of ibaraki virus on preimplantation mouse embryos collected from prepubertal ICR and BALB/cByJ mice (30~40days old) by superovulation, zona pellucidaintact(ZPI) or free(ZPF) embryos(n=774) of 4- to 8-cell and morulae were exposed to $10^{5.8}$ $TCID_{50}$ of the virus up to 96 hours. The embryos were examined morphologically by observing the degeneration and hatching rates, and virologically and immunologically by determining the presence of infection with the virus, in addition, the effect of washing the embryos to remove virus possibly attached to was also investigated. The ZPI 4- to 8-cell embryos and morulae exposed to the virus showed considerably higher degeneration rate than those not exposed, for 96, and for 72 to 96 hours, respectively(p<0.01). The ZPF 4- to 8-cell embryos and morulae exposed to the virus showed considerably higher degeneration rates than those not exposed, throughout the whole culture hours in vitro (p<0.01). The ZPI 4- to 8-cell embryos and morulae not exposed to the virus showed considerably higher rates of hatched blastocyst than those exposed (p<0.01). The virus infection rates of the ZPF 4- to 8-cell embryos and morulae were significantly higher than those of the ZPI embryos according to cell culture system. The viral antigen was detected exclusively on the zona pellucida of ZPI embryos, while the antigen was evenly distributed in the blastomeres of ZPF embryos by the immunofluorescent assay. In the ZPI embryos exposed to ibaraki virus, the virus was detected in the two times-washing groups, but not in the ten times-washing groups. The results indicated that zona pellucida of murine embryos would provide an effective protection and that ten times-washing of the ZPI embryos previously exposed to the virus was effective to remove virus from the embryos.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.611-625
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• 2000

For the improvement of quality control of laboratory mouse, we investigated the environmental condition, histopathological findings and serological test using ELISA to mouse hepatitis virus(MHV), Mycoplasma pulmonis(MP), Clostridium piliforme(TZ) and Sendai virus (HVJ) of ICR, C57BL/6, CBA and C3H/He mice that were supplied from conventional laboratory animal facility. 1. The ammonia concentration of facility was below the recommended concentration, 15ppm, by the KNIH, and the room temperature($21{\sim}23^{\circ}C$) and relative humidity(40~60%) was optimum range recommend by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, respectively. 2. The incidence rate of inapparent disease was 86.6% and the major findings in the liver were vacuolar degeneration with nucleic pleomorphism. The lung was shown the thickening of alveolar wall and interstitial pneumonia with congestion. The kidney and spleen were observed the mild congestion and extramedullary hematopoiesis, respectively. 3. The positive reaction rates against MHV and MP in serological test was 97.9% and 37.5%, respectively but HVJ and TZ were negative. These results suggest that laboratory mice could be infected with MHV and MP under conventional environments. Therefore we recommend to select thoroughly inapparent infected mice and to convert conventional system into SPF facility as soon as possible.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.559-567
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• 1994

As a series of studies to investigate the effect of immunosuppression on Ascaris suum infection in undefinitive hosts, and a delicate relationship between host and parasite, in the present studies, SPF ICR mice were alloted to experiment 1(normal undefinitive host group) and experiment 2(immunosuppressive group treated with prednisolone acetate) and inoculated with a single dose of 1,100 embryonated A suum eggs. In normal group, the infection essentially terminates 4 days after inoculation(DAI) with the attainment of middle third-stage in the liver, although few larvae migrate to the lungs where a few advance to late third stage. In immunosuppressive group, significant numbers developed to late third-stage in liver 8 DAI. In general, increasing of the mast cells and the goblet cells in the jejunum mucosa, of T-cells in the spleen and of activity of peritoneal macrophages followed by expulsion of the worms in the both groups. Considering a series of the results, suitabilities for the host of the worm appeared the highest from rabbit, hamster and mouse in that order. In addition, patent infection of A suum in the mice was also not obviously observed in spite of immunosuppression by prednisolone acetate.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.238-243
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• 2010

In the present study, the antinociceptive profiles of Viola tricolor L. (V. tricolor L.) extract were examined in ICR mice. V. tricolor L. extract administered orally (200mg/kg) showed an antinociceptive effect as measured by the tail-flick and hot-plate tests. In addition, V. tricolor L. extract attenuated the writhing numbers in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. Furthermore, the cumulative nociceptive response time for intrathecal (i.t.) injection of substance P (0.7 ${\mu}g$) was diminished by V. tricolor L. extract. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) pretreatment with yohimbine (${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic receptor antagonist) attenuated antinociceptive effect induced by V. tricolor L. extract in the writhing test. However, naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist) or methysergide (5-HT serotonergic receptor antagonist) did not affect antinociception induced by V. tricolor L. extract in the writhing test. Our results suggest that V. tricolor L. extract shows an antinociceptive property in various pain models. Furthermore, this antinociceptive effect of V. tricolor L. extract may be mediated by ${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic receptor, but not opioidergic and serotonergic receptors.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.170-170
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• 1994

항암제 KR 53170 및 관련 화합물의 항암 효과에 관한 연구의 일환으로 Phellinus linteus 균사배양물로부터 분리한 항암성 단백다당체 (분자량 8000 이상의 고분자 분획) PL-KP률 장내세균의 효소활성을 이용하여 부분분절(partial fragmentation)시킴으로써 항암력 증강 가능성을 검토하였다. 1. 장내세균을 이용한 PL-Kp의 처리 :PL-Kp 5.62g을 기본배지 281m1에 용해 시킨후 그 중 100m1에는 Py-92 균주(endoglucanase 생성균주)를, 다른 100m1에는 초식동물로부터 분리한 활성 균총을 접종한후 배양물 100m1 당 BH1 broth 10n1를 첨가하고 24시간 배양하였다. 배양물을 원심분리하여 그 상등액을 열탕에서 15분간 가열하고 투석, 동결건조하여 건조분말로 획득하였다. 이증 Py-92 균주로 처리한 시료를 Kp-F1, 균총으로 처리한 시료를 Kp-F2, 균을 접종하지 않고 처리한 시료를 Kp-FC라 한다. 2. 분절 (Fragmentation) 확인 : 증류수에 용해시킨 시료의 Sephadex G-25 컬럼을 이용한 gel filtration 유형(컬럼 통과 속도 및 착색대 유형)등을 관찰하여 Kp-F1 및 Kp-F2가 성공적으로 분절되었음을 확인하였다. 3. 분절 Kp의 항암력 실험 : ICR 마우스내 피하에 이식한 sarcoma 180고형암에 대한 항암력을 비교실험하여 부분분절에 의해 항암력이 증가 여부를 확인하였다. 그 결과 PL-Kp가100mg/kg/day ip의 용량에서 49.5%의 종양저지율을 발휘하였으나 균총을 이용하여 부분분절시킨 시료(Kp-F2)는 그 1/5용량에서도 87%의 종양저지율을 발휘하여 항암력이 현저히 증가 되었음을 확인하였다. 한편 Py-92 균주를 이용하여 분절시킨 Kp-F1도 100mg/kg용량에서 76%의 종양저지율을 나타내었다. 이로써 부분분절 조작을 통하여 항암성 단백다당류인 PL-Kp 의 항암력을 현저히 증가시킬 수 있음이 입증되었다.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.468-479
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• 2018

Objectives: Recently, a report was published that the humidifier disinfectant CMIT/MIT did not cause developmental toxicity and was not detected in systemic circulation as a result of an inhalation toxicity test. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate any associations between CMIT/MIT exposure and developmental toxicity using the in vivo apical toxicity test method. Methods: Groups of pregnant ICR mice were instilled in the trachea with chloromethylisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (CMIT/MIT) using a visual instillobot over a period of seven days from days 11 to 17 days post-coitum. For the in vivo apical toxicity test method, an $LD_{50}$-based dose-range finding model was applied to decide the dose range for inducing developmental toxicity. Results: Among the groups of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg ai/kg/day CMIT/MIT, the exposure groups of 0.5 mg and 1.0 ai/kg/day CMIT/MIT were estimated to reflect the thresholds for the stillbirth and death of pregnant mice, respectively. The groups of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg ai/kg/day CMIT/MIT induced stillbirth rates of 2.57, 10, and 53.8%, respectively. Another exposure group of 0.75 mg ai/kg/day CMIT/MIT did not induce any deaths of pregnant mice and resulted in a stillbirth rate of 8% in only one of six pregnant mice. Conclusions: CMIT/MIT can induce stillbirth in pregnant mice. It was also concluded that CMIT/MIT moves through the pulmonary circulation system and then continues on through systemic circulation and the placenta. There is a possibility of stillbirth and other health causalities in humans beyond the lungs caused by CMIT/MIT exposure.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.539-553
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• 2010

Objectives : The object of this study was to obtain accurate information (single oral dose toxicity) of Lonicerae Flos (LF; Dried flower bud parts of Lonicera japonica Thunb (Caprifoliaceae)), which has traditionally been used in Korean medicine for treating various inflammatory diseases. Methods : In order to observe the 50% lethal dose (LD 50), approximate lethal dosage (ALD) and target organs, test articles were once orally administered to female and male ICR mice at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500 and 0 (control) mg/kg (body weight.). The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored for 14 days after single oral treatment of LF aqueous extracts with organ weights and histopathological observations of 12 types of principle organs. Results : 1. After single oral treatment of LF aqueous extracts, we could not find any mortality and toxicological evidences up to 2,000 mg/kg treated group, the limited dosages in rodents at body and organ weights, clinical signs, gross and histopathological observations. 2. Slight diarrhea was detected in most mice treated with 2,000 mg/kg of LF aqueous extracts and male mice of LF aqueous extracts 1,000 mg/kg within 2 days after end of treatment, respectively. Conclusion : The results obtained in this study suggest that the LD 50 and ALD of LF aqueous extracts in both female and male mice after single oral treatment were considered as over 2,000 mg/kg because no mortalities were detected up to 2000 mg/kg, the highest dose recommended by KFDA and OECD. However, we also observed the possibility of digestive disorders like diarrhea when over 1,000 mg/kg of LF aqueous extracts were administered in the present study.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.22 no.1 s.56
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• pp.73-82
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• 2007

Six week-old ICR mite which were divided into four groups including NC, RC, RR and RS were injected with sun ginseng (RS), red ginseng (RR) and saline (RC) intraperitonedlly as an amount of 60 mg/g body weight at 1 hour, 12 hours and 36 hours before the irradiation of high-energy X-ray and the mire were sacrificed at three and a half days after the irradiation. The RS group were significant increase in the weight of spleen (p<0.01) and the numbers of jejunal crypt cells (P<0.01), WBC (p<0.05), lymphocytes (p<0.05) and neutrophils (p<0.05) in comparison with the RC group. The RR group were significant increase in the numbers of jejunal crypt cells (p<0.001), WBC (p<0.05) and neutrophils (p<0.05) in comparison with the RC group. The RS group exhibited a more increase in the weights of spleen and thymus and the numbers of jejunal crypt cells and all items of hematological examination than the RR group. The values of ALT (alanine transaminase) and AST (aspartate transaminase) were significantly elevated (p<0.05) by radiation and they were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the RS group to the values of the NC group. Taken together the above results, sun ginseng demonstrated a jejunal crypt survival effect, the protective effects on hepatocytes and immune and hematopoietic cells in mice irradiated with high-energy X-ray, and those radiation protective effects were a little higher in comparison with red ginseng.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.22 no.2 s.57
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• pp.147-156
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• 2007

Six week-old ICR mice were divided into four groups including NC, RC, RR and RS, then they were injected with sun ginseng (RS), red ginseng (RR) and saline (RC) intraperitoneally as an amount of 60mg/kg body weight at 1 hour, 12 hours and 36 hours before the whole body irradiation with 6.5Gy of X-ray. And the mice were sacrificed at nine days after the irradiation. The RS group were significant increase in the weight of spleen (p<0.05) and the numbers of endogenous spleen colony (p<0.001) and WBC (p<0.05) especially neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes in comparison with the RC group. The RR group were significant increase in the numbers of endogenous spleen colony (p<0.01) and WBC (p<0.05) especially neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils in comparison with the RC group. The RS group exhibited a more increase in the weight of spleen and the number of endogenous spleen colony than the RR group. The values of ALT (alanine transaminase) and AST (aspartate transaminase) were significantly elevated (p<0.05) by radiation and they were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the RS group to the values of the NC group. The value of TBARS(thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) was significantly elevated (p<0.01) by radiation and it was significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the RS group. And the values of SOD (superoxide dismutase) and CAT (catalase) were significantly increased (p<0.05) in the RS group in comparison with the RC group. Taken together the above results, sun ginseng demonstrated the protective effects on hepatocytes and immune and hematopoietic cells in mice exposed to medium dose of irradiation, and those radioprotective effects were a little higher or similar to the red ginseng.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.21 no.2 s.53
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• pp.165-172
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• 2006

The backs with a hair cut of 6-week-old healthy ICR male mice were once exposed to a dose of $400mJ/cm^2$ UVB. An acute dermal inflammation was observed, and the inflamed skins were almost completely cured after 6 days of the exposure. At 24 hours after exposure, the epidermal keratinocytes showed a cell-membrane damage with the destruction of intercellular junctions, agglutination of tonofilaments within the cytoplasm and nucleus damage. The activity of XO showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in up to 144 hours. The activities of CAT and SOD showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in up to 96 hours, but they were not significantly different from the normal value at 144 hours. The GST activity was significantly decreased (p<0.01) in up to 96 hours, not so at 24 hours. However, that was not significantly different from the normal value at 144 hours. There was a significant decrease (p<0.01) in the contents of TBARS at 48 and 96 hours, without any significant difference at 144 hours. While the content of GSH was significantly lower (p<0.05) at 24 hours, that was not significantly different thereafter up to 144 hours from the normal value. Therefore, it is assumed that skin damage with a dose of $400mJ/cm^2$ UVB irradiation might be caused by the oxidative stress which was resulted from the unbalance of oxygen fret radical generating and scavenging enzymes.