• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.262-273
• /
• 2020

Amending biopolymers such as β-glucan (BG) and Xanthan gum (XG) generally enhances soil strength by ionic and hydrogen bonds between soil particles. Thus, biopolymers have been studied as eco-friendly construction materials in levees. However, physiological responses of plants grown on soil amended with biopolymers are not fully understood. This study focuses on the effects of biopolymers on the growth of Camelina sativa L. (Camelina) under excess zinc (Zn) stress. The optimal concentrations of BG and XG were confirmed to have a 0.5% ratio in soil depending on the physiological parameters of Camelina under excess Zn stress. The Zn binding capacity of biopolymers was investigated using 1,5-diphenylthiocarbazone (DTZ). The reduction of Zn damage in Camelina was evaluated by analyzing the Zn content and expression of heavy metal ATPase (HMA) genes under excess Zn stress. Amendments of BG and XG improved Camelina growth under excess Zn stress. In DTZ staining and ICP-OES analysis, Camelina grown on BG and XG soil showed less Zn uptake than normal soil under excess Zn stress. The Zn-inducible CsHMA3 gene was not stimulated by either BG or XG amendment under excess Zn stress. Moreover, both BG and XG amendments in soil exhibit Zn-stress mitigation similar to that of Zn-tolerant CsHMA3 overexpres sed Camelina. These results indicate that biopolymer-amended soils may influence the prevention of Zn absorption in Camelina under excess Zn stress. Thus, BG and XG are proven to be suitable materials for levee construction and can protect plants from soil contamination by Zn.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.322-329
• /
• 2011

This study was done to analyze the contents of minerals and vitamins to compare the measured values of minerals, vitamins with labeled values of them in food labeling and to investigate the ratio of measured values to labeled values in 437 specimen with minerals and vitamins - fortified commercial beverages and liquid teas. Content of calcium and sodium in samples after microwave digestion was analyzed with an ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer) and vitamins were determined using by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). The measured values of calcium were ranged 80.3~142.6% of the labeled values in 21 samples composed calcium - fortified commercial beverages and liquid teas. In case of sodium, measured values were investigated 33.9~48.5% of the labeled values in 21 sports beverages. The measured values of vitamin C, vitamin $B_2$ and niacin were ranged 99.7~2003.6, 81.1~336.7, 90.7~393.2% of the labeled values in vitamins - fortified commercial beverages and liquid teas, 57, 12, 11 samples. To support achievement of the accurate nutrition label, there must be program and initiatives for better understanding and guidances on food labelling and nutrition for food manufacture.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.233-235
• /
• 2003

Heavy metal contents in commercial horticultural growing media were investigated Fifty-three samples were collected nationwide during 2000 to 2001 and heavy metals in the samples were analyzed by ICP-OES after acid digestion and 0.1N HCl extraction. Average contents of total Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Pb, and Zn by acid digestion in the growing media were 0.69, 35.7, 14.9, 15.5, 12.7, and 54.8 mg/kg DW, respectively. The ranges of heavy metal in the growing media were $0{\sim}1.82$, $0{\sim}259.8$, $1.6{\sim}69.5$, $0{\sim}60.7$, $0{\sim}36.5$, $12.9{\sim}124.0\;mg/kg$ DW for Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively. Heavy metal contents in the commercial horticultural growing media were showed lower levels than the permitted levels for quality control described by Korean Standard Analytical Method for Growing Media. Average contents and ranges of 0.1 N HCl extractable heavy metals were 0.08 and $0{\sim}0.20$ for Cd, 0.38 and $0{\sim}2.10$ for Cr, 1.45 and $0{\sim}4.03$ for Cu, 0.85 and $0{\sim}3.31$ for Ni, 0.84 and $0{\sim}2.21$ for Pb, and 30.68 and $0.18{\sim}88.45\;mg/kg$ DW for Zn, respectively. These concentrations by 0.1 N HCl extraction showed much less levels than those of total heavy metals by acid digestion.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.226-230
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study was to analyze harmful heavy metals and residual pepsticides in 30 kinds of oriental medical materials. This study was carried out on 32 samples with 30 kinds of Oriental medical materials. The GC-ECD(Varian, CP-3800) was used to analyze residual pepsticides. ICP-OES(Varian, Vista-MPX) was used to analyze lead, arsenic, cadmium. Mercury was analyzed by amalgamation method. Arsenic was detected less than 3(mg/kg) in 21 samples and was not detected 11 samples. Lead was detected less than 5(mg/kg) in 25 samples and was not detected 7 samples. Mercury was detected less than 0.2(mg/kg) in 12 samples and was not detected 20 samples. Cadmium was detected more than 0.3(mg/kg) in 3 samples was detected less than 0.3(mg/kg) in 17 samples and was not detected 12 samples. A few residual pepsticides was detected, but all residual pepsticides was safe.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.212-220
• /
• 2015

This study aims to identify the characteristics of phthalates (DMP, DEP, DBP, DEHA, BBP, DEHP, and DNOP) and heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) in cosmetics and their containers. Phthalates and heavy metals may be endocrine distruptors. Sixty-five cosmetics were purchased from online and offline stores in Busan. This study developed a simultaneous method for the analysis of phthalates by GC-FID. The results showed that among the 65 cosmetics, DBP, DEHP, and DEP were detected at 20.0%, 7.7%, 1.5%, respectively. The amounts of DBP and DEHP detected in 18 samples were less than 100 μg/g, which satisfies the Regulations of Cosmetic Safety Standards in Korea. In order to detect phthalates in cosmetic containers, a dissolution test was conducted by extracting solutions, such as water, n-heptane, 20% ethanol, 50% ethanol and 4% acetic acid, which were prepared with different levels of pH, alcohol content, and fat content following the Korea Standards and Specifications for Utensils, Containers, and Packaging. The results showed that DMP, DBP, DEHA, BBP, DEHP, and DNOP were not detected, DEP was detected in plastics such as PE, PP, and others, when a 50% alcohol solvent was used. Phthalates may not be detected in cosmetic containers if they are not packaged with the above 20% alcohol constituent. We also analyzed the concentration of heavy metals, such as Pb, Cd, and Hg, by using ICP-OES and a mercury analyzer. The ranges of concentration were ND~2.71 μg/g for Pb, ND~0.31 μg/g for Cd, and ND~0.01 μg/g for Hg, which are below the regulated level.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.948-953
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study was to analyze harmful heavy metals, sulfur dioxide and residual pesticides in 27 kinds of oriental medical materials. This study was carried out on 27 samples of oriental medical materials. The GC-ECD(Varian, CP-3800) was used to analyze residual pesticides. ICP-OES(Varian, Vista-MPX) was used to analyze lead, arsenic, cadmium. Mercury was analyzed by amalgamation method. A modified Monier-Williams method was used to analyze sulfur dioxide. Arsenic was detected less than 3(mg/kg) in 14 samples and was not detected 13 samples. Lead was detected less than 5(mg/kg) in 15 samples and was not detected 12 samples. Mercury was detected less than 0.2(mg/kg) in 15 samples and was not detected 12 samples. Cadmium was detected more than 0.3(mg/kg) in 3 samples was detected less than 0.3(mg/kg) in 16 samples and was not detected 11 samples. A few residual pesticides was detected, but all residual pesticides was safe. Sulfur dioxide was detected in all samples, but all residual sulfur dioxide was safe.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.233-239
• /
• 2017

Objectives: The pollution status of heavy metals within the soil was investigated with an aim to establishing a sustainable soil environment within parks and amusement facilities installed in urban areas of Gyeonggi-do Province. Methods: As sampling sites, 14 locations were selected from a city with a number of factories near a residential area, a residential area, and a children's park in a city with mixed green areas. Seven kinds of heavy metals, including Cd, Pb, and Hg, and the pH of soil were analyzed three times by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). Results: In this study, the pH of the samples from the residential park and industrial park showed 5.7-6.5 and 5.9-7.0, respectively. The overall mean concentration (mg/kg) of heavy metals was Zn (132.8), Ni (73.0), Cu (47.4), Pb (35.9), As (4.84), Cd (0.39), and Hg (0.07), indicating that these concentrations of heavy metals were lower than those for the area 1 standard of soil pollution concern criteria. In addition, the sampling sites in the residential area and the industrial area also showed the same tendency for concentration distribution. Conclusions: We found that the soil pollution class (SPC) of some spots were over 200, which are third and fourth classes. In order to manage a sustainable soil environment in a city park, it is suggested that local governments, the management bodies for these parks, need to manage, supervise, and investigate soil pollution and quickly replace contaminated soil.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.137-142
• /
• 2016

We investigated the anti-proliferative effects of solar salt and purified salt (PS) on HepG2 human hepatocellular cancer cells as well as their effects on mRNA and protein expression of apoptosis- and cell cycle-related genes, including Bcl-2, Bax, p53, and p21. Each salt sample suppressed cancer cell proliferation when treated at a concentration of 0.5% or 1%. Especially solar salt from T salt field (SS-T) and solar salt from Y salt field (SS-Y) significantly suppressed proliferation of cancer cells in comparison with PS. Treatment of HepG2 cells with salt samples at a concentration of 1% suppressed expression of Bcl-2 and promoted expression of Bax, p53, and p21 at the mRNA and protein levels in comparison with the control group. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) showed that SS-T and SS-Y had higher concentrations of Ca, Mg, S, and K than PS, and SS-T contained higher concentrations of these minerals than SS-Y. It seems that Na and mineral contents in solar salt may contribute to regulation of the genes. Taken together, salt, especially mineral rich solar salt, inhibits cancer cell growth by regulating apoptosis and cell cycle-related genes.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• v.30 no.5
• /
• pp.278-283
• /
• 2014

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used in various composite materials to enhance electrical, thermal and mechanical properties of composite materials. In this study, we investigate the wear characteristics of polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (PC/ABS) blends containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). PC/ABS blends are commonly used in many industrial applications such as cellular phones and display cases and MWCNTs have been added to the PC/ABS blends to improve their electromagnetic interference shielding (EMS). We performed wear tests on PC/ABS blends containing MWCNTs under reciprocating linear sliding conditions with chrome steel balls as a counterpart material. The normal loads were 10, 30, 50, 70, 100 N, the sliding speed was 10 mm/s, the stroke length was 15 mm, and the tests lasted 900 s. The MWCNTs included in the PC/ABS blends lower the wear volume and friction coefficient of the composites. We analyzed the wear debris collected from the composites during the tests in terms of the MWCNT concentration using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The results show that the quantity of MWCNTs in the debris is proportional to the concentration of MWCNTs in the composite, indicating that the exposure of the MWCNTs to environments by wear could be increased with their concentration in the composite.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.279-288
• /
• 2011

Objectives: This study investigated the levels and components of floor-settled dust in two elementary schools located at different sites (one near the Shihwa industrial complex and the other in a rural area) in order to evaluate the amounts of trace metal elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) and microorganisms. Methods: Over twenty settled-dust samples were collected from the two elementary schools. Trace metal elements were extracted from the dust using hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, and the amounts were measured by ICP-OES. Microbiological analysis was performed by bacterial culturing using R2A medium and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Results: The results showed that the amounts of three metal elements (Cr, Pb, and Zn) were significantly different between the schools (${\alpha}$=0.05, p<0.04). In addition, microbial communities in each school were highly correlated with one another. Among the identified microorganisms, a number of potentially opportunistic microorganisms, including antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumannii, were found. Conclusions: This study will provide preliminary data for assessing levels and types of chemical and microbiological agents in elementary schools and for further evaluating human health risks associated with the agents.