Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2016.45.1.137

In vitro Anticancer Effect of Salt on HepG2 Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells  

Kim, Hee-Young (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University)
Ju, Jaehyun (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University)
Lee, Kyung Hee (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University)
Park, Kun-Young (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition / v.45, no.1, 2016 , pp. 137-142 More about this Journal
Abstract
We investigated the anti-proliferative effects of solar salt and purified salt (PS) on HepG2 human hepatocellular cancer cells as well as their effects on mRNA and protein expression of apoptosis- and cell cycle-related genes, including Bcl-2, Bax, p53, and p21. Each salt sample suppressed cancer cell proliferation when treated at a concentration of 0.5% or 1%. Especially solar salt from T salt field (SS-T) and solar salt from Y salt field (SS-Y) significantly suppressed proliferation of cancer cells in comparison with PS. Treatment of HepG2 cells with salt samples at a concentration of 1% suppressed expression of Bcl-2 and promoted expression of Bax, p53, and p21 at the mRNA and protein levels in comparison with the control group. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) showed that SS-T and SS-Y had higher concentrations of Ca, Mg, S, and K than PS, and SS-T contained higher concentrations of these minerals than SS-Y. It seems that Na and mineral contents in solar salt may contribute to regulation of the genes. Taken together, salt, especially mineral rich solar salt, inhibits cancer cell growth by regulating apoptosis and cell cycle-related genes.
Keywords
salt; solar salt; HepG2 cancer cells; anticancer;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 12  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Chang M, Kim IC, Chang HC. 2010. Effect of solar salt on the quality characteristics of doenjang. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 39: 116-124.   DOI
2 Cho SD, Kim GH. 2010. Changes of quality characteristics of salt-fermented shrimp prepared with various salts. Korean J Food & Nutr 23: 291-298.
3 Kim HL, Son YH, Kim SJ, Kim DW, Ma SJ, Cho GS, Kim IC, Ham KS. 2007. Effects of chronic chitosan salt supplementation on blood pressure, plasma component, and lipid profile in healthy male and female adults. Food Sci Biotechnol 16: 249-254.
4 Yoon HH, Chang HC. 2011. Growth inhibitory effect of kimchi prepared with four year-old solar salt and Topan solar salt on cancer cells. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 40: 935-941.   DOI
5 Prospero JM. 1979. Mineral and sea salt aerosol concentrations in various ocean regions. J Geophysical Res 84: 725-731.   DOI
6 Park JW, Kim SJ, Kim SH, Kim BH, Kang SG, Nam SH, Jung ST. 2000. Determination of mineral and heavy metal contents of various salts. Korean J Food Sci Technol 32: 1442-1445.
7 Na BJ, Ha SD. 2009. Effectiveness and safety of salt. Food Science and Industry 42(2): 60-73.
8 Zhao X, Kim SH, Qi Y, Kim SY, Park KY. 2012. Effects of different kinds of salt in the comutagenicity and growth of cancer cells. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 41: 26-32.   DOI
9 Kim SH, Park KY, Suh MJ. 1995. Comutagenic effect of sodium chloride in Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay. Food Biotech 4: 264-267.
10 Zhao X, Jung OS, Park KY. 2012. Alkaline and antioxidant effects of bamboo salt. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 41: 1301-1304.   DOI
11 Zhao X, Jeong JK, Kim SY, Park KY. 2012. Increased in vitro anticancer effects of potassium bamboo salt. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 41: 1248-1252.   DOI
12 Zhao X, Kim SY, Park KY. 2013. Bamboo salt has in vitro anticancer activity in HCT-116 cells and exerts anti-metastatic effects in vivo. J Med Food 16: 9-19.   DOI
13 Zhao X, Song JL, Jung OS, Lim YI, Park KY. 2014. Chemical properties and in vivo gastric protective effects of bamboo salt. Food Sci Biotechnol 23: 895-902.   DOI
14 Han GJ, Son AR, Lee SM, Jung JK, Kim SH, Park KY. 2009. Improved quality and increased in vitro anticancer effect of kimchi by using natural sea salt without bittern and baked (Guwun) salt. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 38: 996-1002.   DOI
15 Yoon HH, Kim IC, Chang HC. 2012. Growth inhibitory effects of Doenjang, prepared with various solar salts, on cancer cells. Korean J Food Preserv 19: 278-286.   DOI
16 Zhao X. 2011. Anticancer and antiinflammatory effects of bamboo salt and Rubus coreanus Miquel bamboo salt. PhD Dissertation. Pusan National University, Busan, Korea.
17 Zhao X, Ju JH, Kim HM, Park KY. 2013. Antimutagenic activity and in vitro anticancer effects of bamboo salt on HepG2 human hepatoma cells. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 32: 9-20.   DOI
18 Park KY, Moon SH, Baik HS, Cheigh HS. 1990. Antimutagenic effect of doenjang (Korean fermented soy paste) toward aflatoxin. J Korean Soc Food Nutr 19: 156-162.
19 Park KY, Kim SH, Suh MJ. 1990. Comutagenicity of highsalted kimchi in the Salmonella assay system. J College Home Econ Pusan National University 16: 45-50.
20 Park KY. 1995. The nutritional evaluation, and antimutagenic and anticancer effects of kimchi. J Korean Soc Food Nutr 24: 169-182.
21 Reed JC. 1998. Bcl-2 family proteins. Oncogene 17: 3225-3236.   DOI
22 Donovan M, Cotter TG. 2004. Control of mitochondrial integrity by Bcl-2 family members and caspase-independent cell death. Biochim Biophys Acta 1644: 133-147.   DOI
23 Vogelstein B, Lane D, Levine AJ. 2000. Surfing the p53 network. Nature 408: 307-310.   DOI
24 Kim KM, Park C, Choi YH, Lee WH. 2008. Induction of apoptosis by water extract of Cordyceps militaris (WECM) in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. J Life Sci 18: 804-813.   DOI
25 Hengst L, Gopfert U, Lashuel HA, Reed SI. 1998. Complete inhibition of Cdk/cyclin by one molecule of $p21^{Cip1}$. Genes Dev 12: 3882-3888.   DOI
26 Yang HL, Pan JX, Sun L, Yeung SC. 2003. p21 Waf-1 (Cip-1) enhances apoptosis induced by manumycin and paclitaxel in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88: 763-772.   DOI
27 Blackwood AM, Sagnella GA, Cook DG, Cappuccio FP. 2001. Urinary calcium excretion, sodium intake, and blood pressure in a multi-ethnic population: results of the Wandsworth Heart and Stroke Study. J Hum Hypertens 15: 229-237.   DOI
28 Park JW, Kim SJ, Kim SH, Kim BH, Kang SG, Nam SH, Jung ST. 2000. Determination of mineral and heavy metal contents of various salts. Korean J Food Sci Technol 32: 1442-1445.
29 Ha JO, Park KY. 1999. Comparison of autooxidation rate and comutagenic effect of different kinds of salt. J Korean Assoc Cancer Prev 4: 44-51.